"Negative energy" has been one of the most enduring puzzles in quantum theory, whereas the present work reveals that it actually plays a central role in clarifying various controversies of quantum theory. The basic idea is contained in a hypothesis on negative energy, and it is shown that the idea: (1)is compatible with both relativistic quantum mechanics and known experimental results; (2)helps to clarify the essence of matter waves, and therefore better understand the reality of the wave function, the so-called 'wave-packet reduction' occurring in quantum measurement, and the ghost like correlations between entangled systems; (3)is helpful for distinguishing the vacuum from the ground state of the quantized field, and may supply a possible way for removing the deep-rooted infinities in quantum field theory. The vacuum energy density of the electromagnetic field is calculated here as an example. By employing the same idea, the Lamb-Shift is recalculated in a different way from conventional renormalization method, yet the same result as Bethe's can be definitely obtained.
"Negative energy" has been one of the most enduring puzzles in quantum theory, whereas the present work reveals that it actually plays a central role in clarifying various controversies of quantum theory. The basic idea is contained in a hypothesis on negative energy, and it is shown that the idea: (1)is compatible with both relativistic quantum mechanics and known experimental results; (2)helps to clarify the essence of matter waves, and therefore better understand the reality of the wave function, the so-called 'wave-packet reduction' occurring in quantum measurement, and the ghost like correlations between entangled systems; (3)is helpful for distinguishing the vacuum from the ground state of the quantized field, and may supply a possible way for removing the deep-rooted infinities in quantum field theory. The vacuum energy density of the electromagnetic field is calculated here as an example. By employing the same idea, the Lamb-Shift is recalculated in a different way from conventional renormalization method, yet the same result as Bethe's can be definitely obtained.
It is known that quantum mechanics is one of the most successful theories in physics across the entire history of physics.Nevertheless, many believe that its foundations are still not really understood like: wave-particle duality, interference, entanglement, quantum tunneling, uncertainty principle, wave collapse, vacuum energy, relation between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics, classical limit, quantum chaos, etc., and the continuous failures in the unifying between relativity theory and quantum theory may be an indication about a problem in the foundations.This paper aims at discovering the rst small step in the path of solving and understanding these quantum puzzles, in fact, the key to solving quantum puzzles is by understanding the reality of the motion and how it occurs.This paper proposes a model of motion that generalizes the concept of "quantum jump".Actually, we have been able to deduce the principles of quantum mechanics so that the oddity of the quantum puzzles becomes easier to understand and interpret.And as a direct verication of this model of motion this paper deduces the Lamb shift eect without the need of introducing of the concept of vacuum energy uctuations, and it also discusses that the universal basic law of motion must be broader than both quantum mechanics and classical mechanics.
Negative energy states are applied in Krein space quantization approach to achieve a naturally renormalized theory. For example, this theory by taking the full set of Dirac solutions, could be able to remove the propagator Green function's divergences and automatically without any normal ordering, to vanish the expected value for vacuum state energy. However, since it is a purely mathematical theory, the results are under debate and some efforts are devoted to include more physics in the concept. Whereas Krein quantization is a pure mathematical approach, complex quantum Hamiltonian dynamics is based on strong foundations of Hamilton-Jacobi (H-J) equations and therefore on classical dynamics. Based on complex quantum Hamilton-Jacobi theory, complex spacetime is a natural consequence of including quantum effects in the relativistic mechanics, and is a bridge connecting the causality in special relativity and the non-locality in quantum mechanics, i.e. extending special relativity to the complex domain leads to relativistic quantum mechanics. So that, considering both relativistic and quantum effects, the Klein-Gordon equation could be derived as a special form of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. Characterizing the complex time involved in an entangled energy state and writing the general form of energy considering quantum potential, two sets of positive and negative energies will be realized. The new states enable us to study the spacetime in a relativistic entangled "space-time" state leading to 12 extra wave functions than the four solutions of Dirac equation for a free particle. Arguing the entanglement of particle and antiparticle leads to a contradiction with experiments. So, in order to correct the results, along with a previous investigation [1], we realize particles and antiparticles as physical entities with positive energy instead of considering antiparticles with negative energy. As an application of modified descriptions for entangled (space-time) states, the original version of EPR paradox can be discussed and the correct answer can be verified based on the strong rooted complex quantum Hamilton-Jacobi theory [2-27] and as another example we can use the negative energy states, to remove the Klein's paradox without the need of any further explanations or justifications like backwardly moving electrons. Finally, comparing the two approaches, we can point out to the existence of a connection between quantum Hamiltonian dynamics, standard quantum field theory, and Krein space quantization [28-43].
The present work is concerned with de Broglie's quantum theory of light. It is assumed that the photon is described by a Hermitian wave function with 16 components. Using this wave function it is shown that the 32 of de Broglie's equations are reduced to one set of 16 equations in the form: [equation] where the [alpha]'[rho] are Dirac matrices and [psi] is a matrix with 16 components. The electromagnetic quantities associated with the photon are described by means of the Dirac matrices operating on [psi] in a specified way. It is shown also that these electromagnetic quantities satisfy Maxwell's equations as a result of the equation the interaction between an electron and a photon is developed and the matrix elements for the radiation transitions are calculated. It is further shown that the above wave equation can be considered as the superposition of two similar wave equations, one for the positive energy photons and the other for the negative energy photons. To each of these states there corresponds electromagnetic quantities defined by the above method. It is the superposition of these fields which gives rise to the reality of the electromagnetic field, found in experience. The wave mechanics of the positive energy photon is discussed and the method of second quantization is applied to its wave function, from which we deduce the commutation relations for the complex fields.
Abstract The so-called quantum measurement problems are solved from a new perspective. One of the main observations is that the basic entities of our world are particles, elementary or composite. It follows that each elementary process, hence each measurement process at its core, is a spacetime, pointlike, event. Another key idea is that, when a microsystem ψ gets into contact with the experimental device, factorization of ψ rapidly fails and entangled mixed states appear. The wave functions for the microsystem-apparatus coupled system for different measurement outcomes then lack overlapping spacetime support. It means that the aftermath of each measurement is a single term in the sum: a “wave-function collapse”. Our discussion leading to a diagonal density matrix, ρ = diag(|c 1|2,…,|cn |2,…) shows how the information encoded in the wave function <?CDATA $|\psi \rangle =\displaystyle {\sum }_{n}{c}_{n}|n\rangle $?> | ψ 〉 = ∑ n c n | n 〉 gets transcribed, via entanglement with the experimental device and environment, into the relative frequencies Pn = |cn |2 for various experimental outcomes F = fn . Our discussion represents the first, significant steps towards filling in the logical gaps in the conventional interpretation based on Born’s rule, replacing it with a clearer understanding of quantum mechanics. Accepting objective reality of quantum fluctuations, independent of any experiments, and independently of human presence, one renounces the idea that in a fundamental, complete theory of Nature the result of each single experiment must necessarily be predictable.
\abstract{The Lamb shift, one of the most fundamental interactions in atomic physics, arises from the interaction of H atoms with the electromagnetic fluctuations of the quantum vacuum. The energy shift has been computed in a variety of ways. The energy shift, as Feynman and Power demonstrated, equals the change in the vacuum energy in the volume containing the H atoms due to the change in the index of refraction arising from the presence of the H atoms. By using this result and a group theoretical calculation of the contribution to the Lamb shift from each frequency of the vacuum fluctuations, we can obtain an expression for the size of the region of vacuum energy for each frequency \texorpdfstring{ω}{ω} around the H atom due to the Lamb shift. The ground state atom is surrounded by a region of positive vacuum energy that extends well beyond the atom for low frequencies. This region can be described as a steady state cloud of virtual quanta. For energies \texorpdfstring{E=ℏω}{E=hbar omega} eV less than 1 eV, the radius of the positive energy region is approximately 14. 4/E Angstroms. For a vacuum fluctuation of wavelength \texorpdfstring{λ}{lambda} the radius is \texorpdfstring{(α/2π)λ}{(alpha/2pi) lambda}. Thus, for long wavelengths, the region has macroscopic dimensions. The energy-time Uncertainty Relation predicts a maximum possible radius that is larger than this by a factor of \texorpdfstring{1/4α}{1/(4 alpha)}.}
\keyword{Bethe; radiative shift; shift spectral density; spectral volume; vacuum fluctuations; vacuum field; Lamb shift; QED; energy field, renormalization, zero point fluctuations; hydrogen atom}.