We detect a certain pattern of behavior of separability probabilities [Formula: see text] for two-qubit systems endowed with Hilbert–Schmidt (HS), and more generally, random induced measures, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are the Bloch radii ([Formula: see text]) of the qubit reduced states ([Formula: see text]). We observe a relative repulsion of radii effect, that is [Formula: see text], except for rather narrow “crossover” intervals [Formula: see text]. Among the seven specific cases we study are, firstly, the “toy” seven-dimensional [Formula: see text]-states model and, then, the fifteen-dimensional two-qubit states obtained by tracing over the pure states in [Formula: see text]-dimensions, for [Formula: see text], with [Formula: see text] corresponding to HS (flat/Euclidean) measure. We also examine the real (two-rebit) [Formula: see text], the [Formula: see text]-states [Formula: see text], and Bures (minimal monotone)–for which no nontrivial crossover behavior is observed–instances. In the two [Formula: see text]-states cases, we derive analytical results; for [Formula: see text], we propose formulas that well-fit our numerical results; and for the other scenarios, rely presently upon large numerical analyses. The separability probability crossover regions found expand in length (lower [Formula: see text]) as [Formula: see text] increases. This report continues our efforts [P. B. Slater, arXiv:1506.08739] to extend the recent work of [S. Milz and W. T. Strunz, J. Phys. A 48 (2015) 035306.] from a univariate ([Formula: see text]) framework — in which they found separability probabilities to hold constant with [Formula: see text] — to a bivariate ([Formula: see text]) one. We also analyze the two-qutrit and qubit–qutrit counterparts reported in Quantum Inform. Process. 15 (2016) 3745 in this context, and study two-qubit separability probabilities of the form [Formula: see text]. A physics.stack.exchange link to a contribution by Mark Fischler addressing, in considerable detail, the construction of suitable bivariate distributions is indicated at the end of the paper.
We detect a certain pattern of behavior of separability probabilities [Formula: see text] for two-qubit systems endowed with Hilbert–Schmidt (HS), and more generally, random induced measures, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are the Bloch radii ([Formula: see text]) of the qubit reduced states ([Formula: see text]). We observe a relative repulsion of radii effect, that is [Formula: see text], except for rather narrow “crossover” intervals [Formula: see text]. Among the seven specific cases we study are, firstly, the “toy” seven-dimensional [Formula: see text]-states model and, then, the fifteen-dimensional two-qubit states obtained by tracing over the pure states in [Formula: see text]-dimensions, for [Formula: see text], with [Formula: see text] corresponding to HS (flat/Euclidean) measure. We also examine the real (two-rebit) [Formula: see text], the [Formula: see text]-states [Formula: see text], and Bures (minimal monotone)–for which no nontrivial crossover behavior is observed–instances. In the two [Formula: see text]-states cases, we derive analytical results; for [Formula: see text], we propose formulas that well-fit our numerical results; and for the other scenarios, rely presently upon large numerical analyses. The separability probability crossover regions found expand in length (lower [Formula: see text]) as [Formula: see text] increases. This report continues our efforts [P. B. Slater, arXiv:1506.08739] to extend the recent work of [S. Milz and W. T. Strunz, J. Phys. A 48 (2015) 035306.] from a univariate ([Formula: see text]) framework — in which they found separability probabilities to hold constant with [Formula: see text] — to a bivariate ([Formula: see text]) one. We also analyze the two-qutrit and qubit–qutrit counterparts reported in Quantum Inform. Process. 15 (2016) 3745 in this context, and study two-qubit separability probabilities of the form [Formula: see text]. A physics.stack.exchange link to a contribution by Mark Fischler addressing, in considerable detail, the construction of suitable bivariate distributions is indicated at the end of the paper.
Milz and Strunz recently reported substantial evidence to further support the previously conjectured separability probability of 338 for two-qubit systems (ρ) endowed with Hilbert-Schmidt measure. Additionally, they found that along the radius (r) of the Bloch ball representing either of the two single-qubit subsystems, this value appeared constant (but jumping to unity at the locus of the pure states, r=1). Further, they also observed (personal communication) such separability probability r-invariance, when using, more broadly, random induced measure (K=3,4,5,…), with K=4 corresponding to the (symmetric) Hilbert-Schmidt case. Among the findings here is that this invariance is maintained even after splitting the separability probabilities into those parts arising from the determinantal inequality ∣ρPT∣>∣ρ∣ and those from ∣ρ∣>∣ρPT∣>0, where the partial transpose is indicated. The nine-dimensional set of generic two-re[al]bit states endowed with Hilbert-Schmidt measure is also examined, with similar r-invariance conclusions. Contrastingly, two-qubit separability probabilities based on the Bures (minimal monotone) measure {\it diminish} with r. Moreover, we study the forms that the separability probabilities take as joint (bivariate) functions of the radii (rA,rB) of the Bloch balls of {\it both} single-qubit subsystems. Here, a form of Bloch radii {\it repulsion} for separable two-qubit systems emerges in {\it all} our several analyses. Separability probabilities tend to be smaller when the lengths of the two radii are closer. In Appendix A, we report certain companion analytic results for the much-investigated, more amenable (7-dimensional) X-states model.
Abstract The geometric separability probability of composite quantum systems has been extensively studied in the recent decades. One of the simplest but strikingly difficult problem is to compute the separability probability of qubit–qubit and rebit–rebit quantum states with respect to the Hilbert–Schmidt measure. A lot of numerical simulations confirm the P r e b i t − r e b i t = 29 64 and P q u b i t − q u b i t = 8 33 conjectured probabilities. We provide a rigorous proof for the separability probability in the real case and we give explicit integral formulas for the complex and quaternionic case. Milz and Strunz studied the separability probability with respect to given subsystems. They conjectured that the separability probability of qubit–qubit (and qubit-qutrit) states of the form of ( D 1 C C ∗ D 2 ) depends on D = D 1 + D 2 (on single qubit subsystems), moreover it depends only on the Bloch radii ( r ) of D and it is constant in r . Using the Peres–Horodecki criterion for separability we give a mathematical proof for the 29 64 probability and we present an integral formula for the complex case which hopefully will help to prove the 8 33 probability, too. We prove Milz and Strunz’s conjecture for rebit–rebit and qubit–qubit states. The case, when the state space is endowed with the volume form generated by the operator monotone function f ( x ) =
We list in increasing order -- 1/3, 3/8, 2/5, 135 pi/1024, 16/(3 pi^2), 3 pi/16, 5/8, 105 pi/512, 2 - 435 pi/1024, 11/16, 1 -- a number of exact two-qubit Hilbert-Schmidt (HS) separability probabilities, we are able to compute. Each probability corresponds to a specific scenario -- a class of 4 x 4 density matrices (rho) with an m-subset (m<6) of its six off-diagonal pairs of symmetrically located entries set to zero. Initially, we consider only scenarios in which the (6-m) non-nullified pairs are real, but then permit them to be complex (as well as quaternionic) in nature also. The general analytical strategy we implement is based on the Bloore density matrix parameterization (J. Phys. A, 9, 2059 [1976]), allowing us to conveniently reduce the dimensionalities of required integrations. For each scenario, we identify a certain univariate ``separability function'' S_{scenario}(nu), where nu = rho_{11} rho_{44}/(rho_{22} rho_{33}). The integral over nu in [0,infty] of the product of this function with a scenario-specific (marginal) jacobian function J_{scenario}(nu) yields the HS {separable} volume (V^{HS}_{sep}). The ratio of V^{HS}_{sep} to the HS total (entangled and non-entangled) volume, gives us the HS scenario-specific separability probability. Among the possible forms that we have so far determined for S_{scenario}(nu) are piecewise combinations of c, c sqrt{nu} and c nu for nu in [0,1] and (in a dual manner) c, c/sqrt{nu} and c/nu for nu in [1,infty]. We also obtain bivariate separability functions S_{scenario)^{6 x 6}(nu_{1},nu_{2}} in the qubit-qutrit case, involving 6 x 6 density matrices, with ratio variables, nu_{1}= rho_{11} rho_{55}/(rho_{22} rho_{44}), and nu_{2}= rho_{22} rho_{66}/(rho_{33} rho_{55}). Additionally, we investigate parallel two-qutrit and three-qubit problems.
We begin by advancing conjectures, closely fitting numerical estimates, for the Hilbert-Schmidt separability/PPT probabilities of the 35- and 63-dimensional convex sets of (2×3) qubit-qutrit and (2×4) qubit-qudit states, as well as certain related scenarios. We reason that the underlying volume formulas might closely parallel those now well-established--via a Lovas-Andai formula--in their lower (15)-dimensional two-qubit analogue. The qubit-qutrit conjecture we obtain is (103)3=23⋅5333=100027=0.027, with the counterpart two-qubit separability probablity being 338=3⋅1123≈0.242424. In the (2×4) qubit-qudit case, we advance 1237516=32⋅53⋅1142≈0.001292929 as the PPT-probability. The numerators of the probabilities for 2×m scenarios are, thus, possibly simply powers of m. We also search for the rebit-retrit counterpart to the established two-rebit result of 6429=2629≈0.453125. Additionally, we find that the Hilbert-Schmidt separability/PPT-probabilities for the two-rebit, rebit-retrit and two-retrit X-states all equal 3π216≈0.54038, as well as more generally, that the probabilities based on induced measures are equal across these three sets of X-states. Then, we extend the Lovas-Andai two-qubit framework from Hilbert-Schmidt measures to induced ones, raising the possibility of a still more general master formula.
We begin by seeking the qubit-qutrit and rebit-retrit counterparts to the now well-established Hilbert-Schmidt separability probabilities for (the 15-dimensional convex set of) two-qubits of 338=3⋅1123≈0.242424 and (the 9-dimensional) two-rebits of 6429=2629≈0.453125. Based in part on extensive numerical computations, we advance the possibilities of a qubit-qutrit value of 100027=(103)3=23⋅5333=0.027 and a rebit-retrit one of 6561860=3822⋅5⋅43≈0.131078. These four values for 2×m systems (m=2,3) suggest certain numerator/denominator sequences involving powers of m, which we further investigate for m>3. Additionally, we find that the Hilbert-Schmidt separability/PPT-probabilities for the two-rebit, rebit-retrit and two-retrit X-states all equal 3π216≈0.54038, as well as more generally, that the probabilities based on induced measures are equal across these three sets of X-states. Then, we extend the generalized two-qubit framework introduced by Lovas and Andai from Hilbert-Schmidt measures to induced ones. For instance, while the Lovas-Andai two-qubit function is 31ε2(4−ε2), yielding 338, its k=1 induced measure counterpart is 41ε2(3−ε2)2, yielding 14361=11⋅1361≈0.426573, where ε is a singular-value ratio. We investigate, in these regards, the possibility of extending the previously-obtained "Lovas-Andai master formula".
We extend the findings and analyses of our two recent studies (Phys. Rev. A, 75, 032326 [2007] and arXiv:0704.3723) by, first, obtaining numerical estimates of the separability function based on the (Euclidean, flat) Hilbert-Schmidt (HS) metric for the 27-dimensional convex set of quaternionic two-qubit systems. The estimated function appears to be strongly consistent with our previously-formulated Dyson-index (beta = 1, 2, 4) ansatz, dictating that the quaternionic (beta=4) separability function should be exactly proportional to the square of the separability function for the 15-dimensional convex set of two-qubit complex (beta=2) systems, as well as the fourth power of the separability function for the 9-dimensional convex set of two-qubit real (beta=1) systems. In particular, we conclude that S_{quat}(mu) =(6/71)^2 ((3-mu^2) mu)^4 =(S_{complex}(mu))^2. Here, mu =(rho_{11} rho_{44}/(rho_{22} rho_{33})^(1/2), where rho is a 4 x 4 two-qubit density matrix. We can, thus, supplement (and fortify) our previous assertion that the HS separability probability of the two-qubit complex states is 8/33= 0.242424, by claiming that its quaternionic counterpart is 72442944/936239725 = 0.0773765. We also comment on and analyze the odd beta=1 and 3 cases.