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arXiv:1605.03169 · Physical Review A

Ballistic quench-induced correlation waves in ultracold gases

John Corson, John L. Bohn

Published Aug 2, 2016• 22 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We investigate the wave-packet dynamics of a pair of particles that undergoes a rapid change of scattering length. The short-range interactions are modeled in the zero-range limit, where the quench is accomplished by switching the boundary condition of the wave function at vanishing particle separation. This generates a correlation wave that propagates rapidly to nonzero particle separations. We have derived universal, analytic results for this process that lead to a simple phase-space picture of the quench-induced scattering. Intuitively, the strength of the correlation wave relates to the initial contact of the system. We find that, in one spatial dimension, the ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ tail of the momentum distribution contains a ballistic contribution that does not originate from short-range pair correlations, and a similar conclusion can hold in other dimensionalities depending on the quench protocol. We examine the resultant quench-induced transport in an optical lattice in one dimension, and a semiclassical treatment is found to give quantitatively accurate estimates for the transport probabilities.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.94.023604

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We investigate the wave-packet dynamics of a pair of particles that undergoes a rapid change of scattering length. The short-range interactions are modeled in the zero-range limit, where the quench is accomplished by switching the boundary condition of the wave function at vanishing particle separation. This generates a correlation wave that propagates rapidly to nonzero particle separations. We have derived universal, analytic results for this process that lead to a simple phase-space picture of the quench-induced scattering. Intuitively, the strength of the correlation wave relates to the initial contact of the system. We find that, in one spatial dimension, the k\ensuremath−4{k}^{\ensuremath{-}4}k\ensuremath−4 tail of the momentum distribution contains a ballistic contribution that does not originate from short-range pair correlations, and a similar conclusion can hold in other dimensionalities depending on the quench protocol. We examine the resultant quench-induced transport in an optical lattice in one dimension, and a semiclassical treatment is found to give quantitatively accurate estimates for the transport probabilities.
Recent advances in the tunability of ultracold atomic gases have created opportunities for studying interesting quantum many-body systems. Fano-Feshbach resonances, in particular, allow experimenters to freely adjust the scattering of atoms by controlling an external magnetic field. By rapidly changing this field near a resonance, it is possible to drive systems out of equilibrium towards novel quantum states where correlations between atoms change dynamically. In this thesis, we take a wave-function-based approach to theoretically examine the response of several interesting systems to suddenly-switched, or "quenched", interactions.\nWe first calculate the time evolution of a Bose-Einstein condensate that is quenched to the unitarity regime, where the scattering length 'a' diverges. Working within the time-dependent variational formalism, we find that the condensate does not deplete as quickly as the usual Bogoliubov theory would suggest. We also make a quantitative prediction for the dynamics of short-range pair correlations, encoded in Tan's contact. We then consider the dynamics of these correlations for quenches to small 'a', and we find that bound states can cause high-contrast oscillations of the contact. These dynamics can be modelled quantitatively at short times by using a properly-chosen two-body model. Finally, we characterize the nonlocal correlation waves that are generated by an interaction quench in arbitrary dimensionality. Our analysis demonstrates that the large-momentum limit of the post-quench momentum distribution can sometimes include contributions from both the short range and the long range, depending on the quench protocol.
We consider the evolution of an initially localized wave packet after a sudden change in the Hamiltonian, i.e.\ a quench. When both bound and scattering eigenstates exist in the post-quench Hamiltonian, one might expect partial delocalization of the wave packet to ensue. Here we show that if the quench consists of a sudden switching-off of short-range inter-particle interactions, then Tan's universal relations guarantee delocalization through the high-momentum tail of the momentum distribution. Furthermore, we consider the influence of the range of the interaction and show how a finite range alters the coupling to highly excited states. We illustrate our results using numerical simulations of externally trapped particles in one dimension. If the external potential is both disordered and correlated, then the interaction quench leads to transport via delocalized states, showing that localization in disordered systems is sensitive to non-adiabatic changes in the interactions between particles.
We analyze the time evolution of the Bose-Hubbard model after a sudden quantum quench to a weakly interacting regime. Specifically, motivated by a recent experiment at Kyoto University, we numerically simulate redistribution of the kinetic and on-site interaction energies at an early time, which was observed in nonequilibrium dynamics of ultracold Bose gases in a cubic optical lattice starting with a singly occupied Mott-insulator state. In order to compute the short-time dynamics corresponding to the experimental situation, we apply the truncated-Wigner approximation to the Bose-Hubbard model on a cubic lattice. We show that our semiclassical approach quantitatively reproduces the fast redistribution dynamics. We further analyze spatial spreading of density-density correlations at equal time in the Bose-Hubbard model on a square lattice with a large filling factor. When the system is initially prepared in a coherent state, we find that a propagation velocity of the correlation wave packet in the correlation function strongly depends on the final interaction strength, and it is bounded by twice the maximum group velocity of the elementary excitations. In contrast, when the system is initially in a Mott-insulator state, the propagation velocity of the wave packet is approximately independent of the final interaction strength.
A variety of recent studies have shed light on the far from equilibrium behavior of quantum systems. Research suggests that this away from equilibrium approach may lead to the realization of unfamiliar dynamical quantum states. For instance, we see ballistic transport at finite temperature, an absence of thermalization, and development of long-range entanglement from initially uncorrelated states. It has been shown that in some cases a time-evolving quantum state is equivalent to the ground state of an "emergent" Hamiltonian where the time enters as a param- eter. This mapping gives us insight into the nature of correlations between particles. For high temperatures, we expect no long-range correlations to develop. However, the emergent model demonstrates that the time-evolved state can be realized as a low energy eigenstate, which naturally possesses long-range correlations. Here, we study the dynamical behavior of both noninteracting and interacting particles in a one-dimensional lattice under various conditions. As the system un- dergoes time evolution, we look at the distribution of particles as well as correlations between particles in the system. We then compare the actual time-evolving state of the system to the ground state of the emergent Hamiltonian to study how long this description is valid. We generally expect that the description is valid in a given region as long as the boundary effects do not propagate into the region. We first verify and reproduce results in the literature (see Vidmar et al. [1]). We proceed to study the effect of interaction strength in a particular interacting model that shows both ballistic and diffusive transport. We then apply this formalism to calculate infinite temperature dynamics of a noninteracting system. Interestingly, this system also develops long-range correlations over time in spite of starting out from an infinite temperature state.
We calculate the dynamics of one- and two-body correlation functions in a homogeneous Bose gas at zero temperature following a sudden change in the interaction strength, in the continuum and in a lattice. By choosing suitable examples, we highlight features in the correlation functions that emerge due to the interactions and the band structure. We find that interactions dramatically change the way correlations build up and subsequently decay following a quench. For example, the Bogoliubov dispersion induces a crossover from diffusive spreading of short-range correlations to ballistic spreading of longer-range correlations. In the lattice, the correlation functions develop additional features absent in the continuum. Most strikingly, the lattice induces an additional velocity scale and some features propagate with that velocity. Finally, we discuss the ultra-short-range properties of the density-density correlation function following a quench, and the implications for experiments using this quantity to probe the ``contact.'' Our calculations, which can be readily tested in current experiments, suggest that the dynamics of correlations may be a useful tool for extracting many-body parameters.
We investigate the propagation of two-point density correlations in the one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian in the thermodynamic limit in terms of the correlation transport distance (CTD), an experimentally measurable magnitude that characterizes the spatial spreading of correlations in time. We confirm that the integrable limits of the model exhibit CTD ballistic growth, while the onset of the chaotic phase leads to the emergence of a pronounced sub-ballistic regime, in agreement with previous results for finite systems. By a meticulous analysis of the spatio-temporal correlation profiles, we show that the correlation front nonetheless propagates ballistically for all interaction strengths, and that the chaos-induced slowdown of the CTD originates from the emergence of long-time distance-dependent correlation tails, together with an enhanced decay of the correlation front amplitude. Our results thus provide a detailed characterization of correlation transport that goes beyond a simple light-cone picture.