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arXiv:1604.02893 · New Journal of Physics

Optical properties of an atomic ensemble coupled to a band edge of a photonic crystal waveguide

Ewan Munro, L. C. Kwek, Darrick E. Chang

Published Aug 21, 2017• 19 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study the optical properties of an ensemble of two-level atoms coupled to a 1D photonic crystal waveguide (PCW), which mediates long-range coherent dipole–dipole interactions between the atoms. We show that the long-range interactions can dramatically alter the linear and nonlinear optical behavior, as compared to a typical atomic ensemble. In particular, in the linear regime, we find that the transmission spectrum contains multiple transmission dips, whose properties we characterize. Moreover, we show how the linear spectrum may be used to infer the number of atoms present in the system, constituting an important experimental tool in a regime where techniques for conventional ensembles break down. We also show that some of the transmission dips are associated with an effective 'two-level' resonance that forms due to the long-range interactions. In particular, under strong global driving and appropriate conditions, we find that the atomic ensemble is only capable of absorbing and emitting single collective excitations at a time. Our results are of direct relevance to atom-PCW experiments that should soon be realizable.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/aa7fad

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We study the optical properties of an ensemble of two-level atoms coupled to a 1D photonic crystal waveguide (PCW), which mediates long-range coherent dipole–dipole interactions between the atoms. We show that the long-range interactions can dramatically alter the linear and nonlinear optical behavior, as compared to a typical atomic ensemble. In particular, in the linear regime, we find that the transmission spectrum contains multiple transmission dips, whose properties we characterize. Moreover, we show how the linear spectrum may be used to infer the number of atoms present in the system, constituting an important experimental tool in a regime where techniques for conventional ensembles break down. We also show that some of the transmission dips are associated with an effective 'two-level' resonance that forms due to the long-range interactions. In particular, under strong global driving and appropriate conditions, we find that the atomic ensemble is only capable of absorbing and emitting single collective excitations at a time. Our results are of direct relevance to atom-PCW experiments that should soon be realizable.
We theoretically investigate the transport properties of a weak coherent input field scattered by an ensemble of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-type atoms coupled to a one-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide. In our model, the atoms are randomly located in the lattice along the crystal axis. We analyze the transmission spectrum mediated by the tunable long-range atomic interactions and observe the highest-energy dip. The results show that the highest-energy dip location is associated with the number of the atoms, which provides an accurate measuring tool for the emitter-waveguide system. We also quantify the influence of a Gaussian inhomogeneous broadening and the dephasing on the transmission spectrum, concluding that the highest-energy dip is immune to both the inhomogeneous broadening and the dephasing. Furthermore, we study photon-photon correlations of the reflected field and observe quantum beats. With tremendous progress in coupling atoms to photonic crystal waveguides, our results may be experimentally realizable in the near future.
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Tailoring the interactions between quantum emitters and single photons constitutes one of the cornerstones of quantum optics. Coupling a quantum emitter to the band edge of a photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) provides a unique platform for tuning these interactions. In particular, the cross-over from propagating fields [Formula: see text] outside the bandgap to localized fields [Formula: see text] within the bandgap should be accompanied by a transition from largely dissipative atom-atom interactions to a regime where dispersive atom-atom interactions are dominant. Here, we experimentally observe this transition by shifting the band edge frequency of the PCW relative to the [Formula: see text] line of atomic cesium for [Formula: see text] atoms trapped along the PCW. Our results are the initial demonstration of this paradigm for coherent atom-atom interactions with low dissipation into the guided mode.
New opportunities for optical physics emerge from the integration of cold atoms with nanophotonic devices. Due to their small optical loss and tight field confinement, these nanoscale dielectric devices are capable of mediating strong atom-light interactions and open new avenues for quantum transport and quantum many-body phenomena. In particular, coupling atoms to the band edge of a photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) provides a unique platform for generating tunable range coherent atom-atom interactions which are mediated by the guided mode photons.
Realizing efficient interactions between photons and multiple quantum emitters is an important ingredient in quantum optics and quantum information processing. Here we theoretically study the optical properties of an ensemble of two-level atoms coupled to a one-dimensional waveguide. In our model, the atoms are randomly located in the lattice sites along the one-dimensional waveguide. The results reveal that the optical transport properties of the atomic ensemble are influenced by the lattice constant and the filling factor of the lattice sites. We also focus on the atomic mirror configuration and quantify the effect of the inhomogeneous broadening in atomic resonant transition on the scattering spectrum. Since atoms are randomly placed in the lattice sites, we analyze the influence of the atomic spatial distributions on the transmission spectrum. Furthermore, we find that initial bunching and quantum beats appear in photon-photon correlation function of the transmitted field, which are significantly changed by filling factor of the lattice sites. With great progress to interface quantum emitters with nanophotonics, our results should be experimentally realizable in the near future.
We report observations of superradiance for atoms trapped in the near field of a photonic crystal waveguide (PCW). By fabricating the PCW with a band edge near the D(1) transition of atomic cesium, strong interaction is achieved between trapped atoms and guided-mode photons. Following short-pulse excitation, we record the decay of guided-mode emission and find a superradiant emission rate scaling as Γ̅(SR)∝N̅Γ(1D) for average atom number 0.19≲N̅≲2.6 atoms, where Γ(1D)/Γ'=1.0±0.1 is the peak single-atom radiative decay rate into the PCW guided mode, and Γ' is the radiative decay rate into all the other channels. These advances provide new tools for investigations of photon-mediated atom-atom interactions in the many-body regime.