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arXiv:1604.00032 · Physical Review Letters

High-Fidelity Universal Gate Set for Be 9 + Ion Qubits

John Gaebler, Ting Rei Tan, Yiheng Lin, Y. Wan, R. Bowler, Adam C. Keith, Scott Glancy, Kevin J. Coakley, Emanuel H. Knill, Dietrich G. Leibfried, D. J. Wineland

Published Aug 4, 2016• 539 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We report high-fidelity laser-beam-induced quantum logic gates on magnetic-field-insensitive qubits comprised of hyperfine states in ^{9}Be^{+} ions with a memory coherence time of more than 1 s. We demonstrate single-qubit gates with an error per gate of 3.8(1)×10^{-5}. By creating a Bell state with a deterministic two-qubit gate, we deduce a gate error of 8(4)×10^{-4}. We characterize the errors in our implementation and discuss methods to further reduce imperfections towards values that are compatible with fault-tolerant processing at realistic overhead.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.117.060505

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We report high-fidelity laser-beam-induced quantum logic gates on magnetic-field-insensitive qubits comprised of hyperfine states in ^{9}Be^{+} ions with a memory coherence time of more than 1 s. We demonstrate single-qubit gates with an error per gate of 3.8(1)×10^{-5}. By creating a Bell state with a deterministic two-qubit gate, we deduce a gate error of 8(4)×10^{-4}. We characterize the errors in our implementation and discuss methods to further reduce imperfections towards values that are compatible with fault-tolerant processing at realistic overhead.
Quantum entangling logic gates are key ingredients for the implementation of a quantum information processing device. In this thesis, we focus on experimental implementations of three types of entangling geometric-phase gates with trapped ions, which rely on the effective spin-spin interactions generated with state-dependent forces. First, a mixed-species entangling gate is demonstrated using a 9Be+ and a 25Mg+ ion to create a Bell state with a fidelity of 0.979(1). Combined with single-qubit gates, we use this mixed-species gate to implement controlled-NOT and SWAP gates. Second, we implement a high-fidelity universal gate set with 9Be+ ions. Single-qubit gates with error per gate of 3.8(1)x10-5 are achieved. By creating a Bell state with a deterministic two-qubit entangling gate, we deduce a gate error as low as 8(4)x10-4. Third, a novel two-qubit entangling gate with dynamical decoupling built-in is demonstrated with a fidelity of 0.974(4). This gate is robust against qubit dephasing errors and offers simplifications in experimental implementation compared to some other gates with trapped ions. Errors in the above implementations are evaluated and methods to further reduce imperfections are discussed. In a separate experiment, correlated measurements made on pairs of ions violate a "chained" Bell inequality obeyed by any local-realistic theory. The lowest chained Bell inequality parameter determined from our measurements is 0.296(12), this value is significantly lower than 0.586, the minimum value derived from a perfect Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Horne (CHSH) Bell inequality experiment. Furthermore, our CHSH Bell inequality results provide a device-independent certification of the deterministically created Bell states.
We demonstrate laser-driven two-qubit and single-qubit logic gates with respective fidelities 99.9(1)% and 99.9934(3)%, significantly above the ≈99% minimum threshold level required for fault-tolerant quantum computation, using qubits stored in hyperfine ground states of calcium-43 ions held in a room-temperature trap. We study the speed-fidelity trade-off for the two-qubit gate, for gate times between 3.8 μs and 520 μs, and develop a theoretical error model which is consistent with the data and which allows us to identify the principal technical sources of infidelity.
A quantum computer could solve problems intractable on any conventional machine, but the physical resources necessary to build one depend strongly on the precision with which its constituent qubits can be manipulated. We demonstrate laser-driven two-qubit and single-qubit logic gates with fidelities 99.9(1)% and 99.9934(3)% respectively, using qubits stored in long-lived hyperfine states of calcium-43 ions held in a room-temperature device. Calcium-43 ions have exhibited the longest coherence time (T2∗≈50T_2^*\approx 50T2∗​≈50sec) and the highest state preparation and measurement fidelity of any single physical qubits. We study the speed/fidelity trade-off for the two-qubit gate, for gate times between 3.8μ\muμs and 520μ\muμs, and develop a theoretical model allowing us to identify the principal technical sources of error. We conclude that trapped-ion quantum logic is possible with the precision necessary for a practical quantum computer.
We propose the implementation of a geometric-phase gate on magnetic-field-insensitive qubits with ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}^{z}$-dependent forces for trapped ion quantum computing. The force is exerted by two laser beams in a Raman configuration. Qubit-state dependency is achieved by a small frequency detuning from the virtually excited state. Ion species with excited states of long radiative lifetimes are used to reduce the chance of a spontaneous photon emission to less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{per}$ gate run. This eliminates the main source of gate infidelity in previous implementations. With this scheme it seems possible to reach the fault-tolerant threshold.
In a large scale trapped atomic ion quantum computer, high-fidelity two-qubit gates need to be extended over all qubits with individual control. We realize and characterize high-fidelity two-qubit gates in a system with up to four ions using radial modes. The ions are individually addressed by two tightly focused beams steered using microelectromechanical system mirrors. We deduce a gate fidelity of 99.49(7)% in a two-ion chain and 99.30(6)% in a four-ion chain by applying a sequence of up to 21 two-qubit gates and measuring the final state fidelity. We characterize the residual errors and discuss methods to further improve the gate fidelity towards values that are compatible with fault-tolerant quantum computation.
We implement all single-qubit operations with fidelities significantly above the minimum threshold required for fault-tolerant quantum computing, using a trapped-ion qubit stored in hyperfine "atomic clock" states of ^{43}Ca^{+}. We measure a combined qubit state preparation and single-shot readout fidelity of 99.93%, a memory coherence time of T_{2}^{*}=50 sec, and an average single-qubit gate fidelity of 99.9999%. These results are achieved in a room-temperature microfabricated surface trap, without the use of magnetic field shielding or dynamic decoupling techniques to overcome technical noise.