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arXiv:1603.05048 · Scientific Reports

Velocity-dependent quantum phase slips in 1D atomic superfluids

Luca Tanzi, Simona Scaffidi Abbate, Federica Cataldini, Lorenzo Gori, E. Lucioni, M. Inguscio, Giovanni Carlo Modugno, Chiara D’Errico

Published May 18, 2016• 20 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum phase slips are the primary excitations in one-dimensional superfluids and superconductors at low temperatures but their existence in ultracold quantum gases has not been demonstrated yet. We now study experimentally the nucleation rate of phase slips in one-dimensional superfluids realized with ultracold quantum gases, flowing along a periodic potential. We observe a crossover between a regime of temperature-dependent dissipation at small velocity and interaction and a second regime of velocity-dependent dissipation at larger velocity and interaction. This behavior is consistent with the predicted crossover from thermally-assisted quantum phase slips to purely quantum phase slips.

DOI
10.1038/srep25965

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Quantum phase slips are the primary excitations in one-dimensional superfluids and superconductors at low temperatures but their existence in ultracold quantum gases has not been demonstrated yet. We now study experimentally the nucleation rate of phase slips in one-dimensional superfluids realized with ultracold quantum gases, flowing along a periodic potential. We observe a crossover between a regime of temperature-dependent dissipation at small velocity and interaction and a second regime of velocity-dependent dissipation at larger velocity and interaction. This behavior is consistent with the predicted crossover from thermally-assisted quantum phase slips to purely quantum phase slips.
Quantum phase slips (QPS) are the primary excitations in one-dimensional superfluids and superconductors at low temperatures. They have been well characterized in most condensed-matter systems, and signatures of their existence have been recently observed in superfluids based on quantum gases too. In this review, we briefly summarize the main results obtained on the investigation of phase slips from superconductors to quantum gases. In particular, we focus our attention on recent experimental results of the dissipation in one-dimensional Bose superfluids flowing along a shallow periodic potential, which show signatures of QPS.This article is part of the themed issue 'Breakdown of ergodicity in quantum systems: from solids to synthetic matter'.
We study superflow decay via quantum phase slips in trapped one-dimensional (1D) quantum gases through dipole oscillations induced by sudden displacement of the trapping potential. We find the relation between the damping rate of the dipole oscillation G and the phase-slip nucleation rate Γ as G∝Γ/v, where v is the flow velocity. This relation allows us to show that damping of 1D Bose gases in optical lattices, which has been extensively studied in experiment, is due to quantum phase slips. It is also found that the damping rate versus the flow velocity obeys the scaling formula for an impurity potential even in the absence of an explicit impurity. We suggest that the damping rate at a finite temperature exhibits a universal crossover behavior upon changing the flow velocity.
We study the decay of superflow of a one-dimensional (1D) superfluid in the presence of a periodic potential. In 1D, superflow at zero temperature can decay via quantum nucleation of phase slips even when the flow velocity is much smaller than the critical velocity predicted by mean-field theories. Applying the instanton method to the O(2) quantum rotor model, we calculate the nucleation rate of quantum phase slips $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$. When the flow momentum ppp is small, we find that the nucleation rate per unit length increases algebraically with ppp as $\ensuremath{\Gamma}/L\ensuremath{\propto}{p}^{2K\ensuremath{-}2}$, where LLL is the system size and KKK is the Tomonaga-Luttinger parameter. Based on the relation between the nucleation rate and the quantum superfluid-insulator transition, we present a unified explanation on the scaling formulas of the nucleation rate for periodic, disorder, and single-barrier potentials. Using the time-evolving block decimation method, we compute the exact quantum dynamics of the superflow decay in the 1D Bose-Hubbard model at unit filling. From the numerical analyses, we show that the scaling formula is valid for the case of the Bose-Hubbard model, which can quantitatively describe Bose gases in optical lattices.
We study the decay of superflow via thermally activated phase slips in one-dimensional Bose gases in a shallow optical lattice. By using the Kramers formula, we numerically calculate the nucleation rate of a thermally activated phase slip for various values of the filling factor and flow velocity in the absence of a harmonic trapping potential. Within the local density approximation, we derive a formula connecting the phase-slip nucleation rate with the damping rate of a dipole oscillation of the Bose gas in the presence of a harmonic trap. We use the derived formula to directly compare our theory with the recent experiment done by the LENS group [L. Tanzi et al., Sci. Rep. 6, 25965 (2016)]. From the comparison, the observed damping of dipole oscillations in a weakly correlated and small velocity regime is attributed dominantly to thermally activated phase slips rather than quantum phase slips.
We study the emergence of dissipation in an atomic Josephson junction between weakly coupled superfluid Fermi gases. We find that vortex-induced phase slippage is the dominant microscopic source of dissipation across the Bose-Einstein condensate-Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer crossover. We explore different dynamical regimes by tuning the bias chemical potential between the two superfluid reservoirs. For small excitations, we observe dissipation and phase coherence to coexist, with a resistive current followed by well-defined Josephson oscillations. We link the junction transport properties to the phase-slippage mechanism, finding that vortex nucleation is primarily responsible for the observed trends of conductance and critical current. For large excitations, we observe the irreversible loss of coherence between the two superfluids, and transport cannot be described only within an uncorrelated phase-slip picture. Our findings open new directions for investigating the interplay between dissipative and superfluid transport in strongly correlated Fermi systems, and general concepts in out-of-equilibrium quantum systems.
A theory accounting for the dynamical aspects of the superfluid response of one dimensional (1D) quantum fluids is reported. In long 1D systems, the onset of superfluidity is related to the dynamical suppression of quantum phase slips at low temperatures. The effect of this suppression as a function of frequency and temperature is discussed within the framework of the experimentally relevant momentum response function. Applications of these results to the understanding of the superfluid properties of helium confined in 1D pores with nanometer diameter, dislocations in solid 4He, and ultracold atomic gases are also briefly discussed.