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arXiv:1602.07371 · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

High-sensitivity optical Faraday magnetometry with intracavity electromagnetically induced transparency

Qiaolin Zhang, Hui Sun, Shuangli Fan, Hong Mei Guo

Published Nov 18, 2016• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract We suggest a multiatom cavity quantum electrodynamics system for the detection of a weak magnetic field, based on Faraday rotation with intracavity electromagnetically induced transparency. Our study demonstrates that the collective coupling between the cavity modes and the atomic ensemble can be used to improve the sensitivity. With single-probe photon input, the sensitivity is inversely proportional to the number of atoms, and a sensitivity of 2.45 nT Hz –1/2 could be attained. With multiphoton measurement, our numerical calculations show that the magnetic field sensitivity can be improved to 105.6 aT Hz –1/2 with realistic experimental conditions.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/49/23/235503

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Abstract We suggest a multiatom cavity quantum electrodynamics system for the detection of a weak magnetic field, based on Faraday rotation with intracavity electromagnetically induced transparency. Our study demonstrates that the collective coupling between the cavity modes and the atomic ensemble can be used to improve the sensitivity. With single-probe photon input, the sensitivity is inversely proportional to the number of atoms, and a sensitivity of 2.45 nT Hz –1/2 could be attained. With multiphoton measurement, our numerical calculations show that the magnetic field sensitivity can be improved to 105.6 aT Hz –1/2 with realistic experimental conditions.
We study the sensitive detection of a weak static magnetic field via Faraday rotation induced by an ensemble of spins in a bimodal degenerate microwave cavity. We determine the limit of the resolution for the sensitivity of the magnetometry achieved using either single-photon or multiphoton inputs. For the case of a microwave cavity containing an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond, we obtain a magnetometry sensitivity exceeding 5.2nT/Hz5.2\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{T}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}5.2nT/Hz​ utilizing a single-photon probe field, while for a multiphoton input we achieve a subfemtotesla sensitivity using a coherent-probe microwave field with power of Pin=1nW{P}_{\text{in}}=1\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{W}Pin​=1nW.
We report a scheme for enhancing microwave electric field measurement by cavity-assisted Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency in the 87Rb coherent atomic system. The vacuum Rabi splitting appears when the probe field is strongly coupled with intracavity atoms. The cavity-assisted electromagnetically induced transparency with dual-peak profile is observed as a strong coupling laser is further introduced into the optical ring cavity. The optimal atomic density, resulting in an appropriate vacuum Rabi splitting interval and cavity-assisted electromagnetically induced transparency amplitude, is determined for the coupling effect criterion of the probe field and intracavity atoms. Finally, the cavity-assisted electromagnetically induced transparency is employed to accurately measure the microwave electric field strength, and a measurement sensitivity factor of about 2 is improved owing to an enhanced photon–atom interaction. This study is beneficial for the development of compact, broadband, and self-calibrating microwave receivers.
An enhanced measurement of the microwave electric (MW E) field by using intracavity Rydberg atoms is proposed. Based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), the intracavity atomic system exhibits two EIT windows, resulting in two narrow peaks in the cavity transmission. The peak-to-peak distance is sensitive to MW fields and can be used to probe MW E-field strength. Simulation results show that the detectable minimum strength of the MW fields is nearly eight times smaller than that without a cavity. Due to cavity coupling, the transmission spectrum is greatly narrowed, which improves the measurement resolution substantially. The numerical results show that the spectrum resolution is increased by more than 20 times. Furthermore, the cavity-enhanced measurement scheme seems to be robust against the changes in the control field strength and shows a broadband tunability.
Intracavity absorption spectroscopy (ICAS) is a well-established technique for detecting weak absorption signals with ultrahigh sensitivity. Here, we extend this concept to magnetometry using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We introduce laser intracavity absorption magnetometry (LICAM), a concept that is in principle applicable to a broader class of optical quantum sensors, including optically pumped magnetometers. Using an electrically driven, edge-emitting diode laser that operates self-sustainably, we show that LICAM enables highly sensitive magnetometers operating under ambient conditions. Near the lasing threshold, we achieve a 475-fold enhancement in optical contrast and a 180-fold improvement in magnetic sensitivity compared with a conventional single-pass geometry. The experimental results are accurately described by a rate-equation model for single-mode diode lasers. From our measurements, we determine a projected shot-noise-limited sensitivity in the pT Hz−1/2\mathrm{pT}\,\mathrm{Hz}^{-1/2}pTHz−1/2 range and simulate that, with realistic device improvements, shot-noise limited sensitivities down to the fT Hz−1/2\mathrm{fT}\,\mathrm{Hz}^{-1/2}fTHz−1/2 scale are attainable.
A scheme of an ultra-sensitive magnetometer in the cavity quantum electromagnonics where the intracavity microwave mode coupled to a magnonic mode via magnetic dipole interaction is proposed. It is shown that by driving both magnonic and microwave modes with external classical fields and controlling the system parameters, one can reduce the added noise of magnetic field measurement below the standard quantum limit (SQL). Surprisingly, we show that beyond the rotating wave approximation (RWA), not only the added noise can be suppressed, but also the output cavity response to the input signal can be substantially amplified in order to achieve a precise magnetic-field measurement. The sensitivity of the proposed magnetic amplifier-sensor is approximately in the order of 10−18T/Hz10^{-18}T/\sqrt{Hz}10−18T/Hz​ which is competitive compared to the current state-of-the-art magnetometers like superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and atomic magnetometers. The advantage of the proposed sensor in comparison with the other magnetometers is its high sensitivity at room temperature and sensing in a wide range of frequency up to MHz as well as its capability to signal-response amplification.
A scheme of an ultrasensitive magnetometer in the cavity quantum electromagnonics is proposed, where the intracavity microwave mode is coupled to a magnonic mode via magnetic dipole interaction. It is shown that by driving both magnonic and microwave modes with external classical fields and controlling the system parameters, one can reduce the added noise of magnetic field measurement below the standard quantum limit (SQL). Surprisingly, we show that beyond the rotating wave approximation (RWA), not only can the added noise be suppressed but also the output cavity response to the input signal can be substantially amplified in order to achieve a precise magnetic-field measurement. The estimated theoretical sensitivity of the proposed magnetic amplifier-sensor is approximately on the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$, which is competitive compared to the current state-of-the-art magnetometers like superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and atomic magnetometers. The advantages of the proposed sensor in comparison with the other magnetometers is its high sensitivity at room temperature, sensing in a wide range of frequencies up to MHz, and its capability for signal-response amplification.