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arXiv:1602.00189 · Physical Review A

Dirac monopoles with a polar-core vortex induced by spin-orbit coupling in spinor Bose-Einstein condensates

Ji Li, Yanmei Yu, Lin Zhuang, Wu‐Ming Liu

Published Apr 24, 2017• 28 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We report Dirac monopoles with a polar-core vortex induced by spin-orbit coupling in ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensates, which are attached to two nodal vortex lines along the vertical axis. These monopoles are more stable in the time scale of experiment and can be detected through directly imaging vortex lines. When the strength of spin-orbit coupling increases, Dirac monopoles with a vortex can be transformed into those with a square lattice. In the presence of spin-orbit coupling, increasing the strength of the interaction can induce a cyclic phase transition from Dirac monopoles with a polar-core vortex to those with a Mermin-Ho vortex. The spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensates not only provide a unique platform for investigating exotic monopoles and relevant phase transitions but also can hold stable monopoles even though a quadrupole field is turned off.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.95.043633

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We report Dirac monopoles with a polar-core vortex induced by spin-orbit coupling in ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensates, which are attached to two nodal vortex lines along the vertical axis. These monopoles are more stable in the time scale of experiment and can be detected through directly imaging vortex lines. When the strength of spin-orbit coupling increases, Dirac monopoles with a vortex can be transformed into those with a square lattice. In the presence of spin-orbit coupling, increasing the strength of the interaction can induce a cyclic phase transition from Dirac monopoles with a polar-core vortex to those with a Mermin-Ho vortex. The spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensates not only provide a unique platform for investigating exotic monopoles and relevant phase transitions but also can hold stable monopoles even though a quadrupole field is turned off.
Magnetic monopoles describe isolated north or south magnetic poles. The practical detection of the free magnetic monopoles, due to their extremely heavy masses, remains challenging so far. However, Bose-Einstein condensates offer an ideal observable platform for probing monopoles. In particular, the recent realization of spin-orbit (SO) coupling, owing to its high controllability and tunability, provides an unprecedented opportunity to explore exotic structures and phase transitions of monopoles unrealizable elsewhere. Here we report Dirac monopoles attached to the polar-core vortex induced by SO coupling in ferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensates, which can be readily observed via time of flight measurements in experiment. The results show that, a cyclic phase transition from Dirac monopoles with polar-core vortex to that with Mermin-Ho vortex, is induced by SO coupling. Our studies may open a new direction to realize exotic topological defects and phase transitions in quantum systems.
Weinvestigate the vortex structures excited by Ioffe–Pritchard magnetic field and Dresselhaus-type spin–orbit coupling in F = 2 ferromagnetic Bose–Einstein condensates. In the weakly interatomic interacting regime, an external magnetic field can generate a polar-core vortex in which the canonical particle current is zero. With the combined effect of spin–orbit coupling and magnetic field, the ground state experiences a transition from polar-core vortex to Mermin–Ho vortex, in which the canonical particle current is anticlockwise. For fixed spin–orbit coupling strengths, the evolution of phase winding, magnetization, and degree of phase separation with magnetic field are studied. Additionally, with further increasing spin–orbit coupling strength, the condensate exhibits symmetrical density domains separated by radial vortex arrays. Our work paves the way to explore exotic topological excitations in high-spin systems.
We study numerically the detailed structure and decay dynamics of isolated monopoles in conditions similar to those of their recent experimental discovery. We find that the core of a monopole in the polar phase of a spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate contains a small half-quantum vortex ring. Well after the creation of the monopole, we observe a dynamical quantum phase transition that destroys the polar phase. Strikingly, the resulting ferromagnetic order parameter exhibits a Dirac monopole in its synthetic magnetic field. We observe quantitatively matching decay dynamics for both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spin-spin interactions.
We investigate the combined effects of spin-orbit coupling and rotation on the topological vortical phase transition in F=2F=2F=2 Bose-Einstein condensates. We find that the spin-orbit coupling can precisely manipulate the canonical atom current which is generated in the opposite direction of the gauge atom current and causes both a continuous and a discontinuous canonical angular momentum. We apply the canonical angular momentum and magnetization to reveal the emergence of novel topological excitations, such as the Anderson-Toulouse vortex as well as the vortex--dipole lattice. Especially, strong spin-orbit coupling can induce two perpendicular vortex chains. We also find that both the first-order and the second-order phase transition can be characterized by the canonical angular momentum and the magnetization. Differently from the spin singlet-pairing interaction, the spin-exchange interaction can adjust the canonical angular momentum and control the phase transition well. The topological vortical phase transition in an F=2F=2F=2 cold-atom system is compatible with the current experiment and can be detected by the spin polarization procedure.
Abstract We investigate the topological excitations of rotating spin-1 ferromagnetic Bose–Einstein condensates with spin–orbit coupling (SOC) in an in-plane quadrupole field. Such a system sustains a rich variety of exotic vortex structures due to the spinor order parameter and the interplay among in-plane quadrupole field, SOC, rotation, and interatomic interaction. For the nonrotating case, with the increase of the quadrupole field strength, the system experiences a transition from a coreless polar-core vortex with a bright soliton to a singular polar-core vortex with a density hole. Without rotation but with a fixed quadrupole field, when the SOC strength increases, the system transforms from a central Mermin–Ho vortex into a criss-crossed vortex–antivortex string lattice. For the rotating case, we give a phase diagram with respect to the quadrupole field strength and the SOC strength. It is shown that the rotating system supports four typical quantum phases: vortex necklace, diagonal vortex chain cluster, single diagonal vortex chain, and few vortex states. Furthermore, the system favors novel spin textures and skyrmion excitations including an antiskyrmion, a criss-crossed half-skyrmion–half-antiskyrmion lattice, a skyrmion-meron necklace, a symmetric half-skyrmion lattice, and an asymmetric skyrmion-meron lattice.