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arXiv:1601.00387 · Physical Review A

Analytical solutions and genuine multipartite entanglement of the three-qubit Dicke model

Yuyu Zhang, Xiang-You Chen, Shu He, Qing‐Hu Chen

Published Jul 12, 2016• 11 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We present analytical solutions to three qubits and a single-mode cavity coupling system beyond the rotating-wave approximation (RWA). The zeroth-order approximation, equivalent to the adiabatic approximation, works well for arbitrary coupling strength for small qubit frequency. The first-order approximation, called the generalized rotating-wave approximation (GRWA), produces an effective solvable Hamiltonian with the same form as the ordinary RWA one and exhibits substantial improvements of energy levels over the RWA even on resonance. Based on these analytical eigensolutions, we study both the bipartite entanglement and genuine multipartite entanglement (GME). The dynamics of these two kinds of entanglements using the GRWA are consistent with the numerical exact ones. Interestingly, the well-known sudden death of entanglement occurs in the bipartite entanglement dynamics but not in the GME dynamics.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.94.012317

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We present analytical solutions to three qubits and a single-mode cavity coupling system beyond the rotating-wave approximation (RWA). The zeroth-order approximation, equivalent to the adiabatic approximation, works well for arbitrary coupling strength for small qubit frequency. The first-order approximation, called the generalized rotating-wave approximation (GRWA), produces an effective solvable Hamiltonian with the same form as the ordinary RWA one and exhibits substantial improvements of energy levels over the RWA even on resonance. Based on these analytical eigensolutions, we study both the bipartite entanglement and genuine multipartite entanglement (GME). The dynamics of these two kinds of entanglements using the GRWA are consistent with the numerical exact ones. Interestingly, the well-known sudden death of entanglement occurs in the bipartite entanglement dynamics but not in the GME dynamics.
The generalized rotating-wave approximation (GRWA) is presented for the two-qubit quantum Rabi model. The analytical expressions in the zeroth-order approximation recover the previous adiabatic ones. The counter-rotating-wave terms can be eliminated by performing the first-order corrections. An effective solvable Hamiltonian with the same form as the ordinary RWA one is then obtained, giving very accurate eigenvalues and eigenstates. Energy levels in the present GRWA are in accordance with the numerical exact diagonalization ones in a wide range of coupling strengths. The population dynamics in the GRWA are in quantitative agreement with the numerical results and exhibit the absence of collapses clearly, revealing the effects of the counter-rotating wave.
The Tavis-Cummings model for more than one qubit interacting with a common oscillator mode is extended beyond the rotating wave approximation (RWA). We explore the parameter regime in which the frequencies of the qubits are much smaller than the oscillator frequency and the coupling strength is allowed to be ultrastrong. The application of the adiabatic approximation introduced by Irish et al. [Phys. Rev. B 72, 195410 (2005)] for a single-qubit system is extended to the multiqubit case. For a two-qubit system, we identify three-state manifolds of close-lying dressed energy levels and obtain results for the dynamics of intramanifold transitions that are incompatible with results from the familiar regime of the RWA. We exhibit features of two-qubit dynamics that are different from the single-qubit case, including calculations of qubit-qubit entanglement. Both number state and coherent state preparations are considered, and we derive analytical formulas that simplify the interpretation of numerical calculations. Expressions for individual collapse and revival signals of both population and entanglement are derived.
The generalized rotating-wave approximation (GRWA) method is extended to the two-qubit quantum Rabi model. In the first-order approximation (one photon exchange), the Hamiltonian matrix in photon number space is simplified by introducing two variational parameters. However, the Hamiltonian matrix is not a diagonalizable matrix yet. Furthermore, by presenting a constraint condition on coupling strength and atomic transition frequency, the Hamiltonian matrix is simplified and an effective solvable Hamiltonian with block diagonal form is obtained. In the even and odd parity space, the energy spectra and eigenstates of the two-qubit quantum Rabi model are achieved analytically. Most of the energy spectra, especially the lower energy levels, agree well with the numerical exact results in ultra-strong coupling region, and the ground state wave function can gives a fairly accurate result of mean photon number.
We give an analytical description of the dynamics of the three-qubit Dicke model using the adiabatic approximation in the parameter regime where the qubit transition frequencies are far off-resonance with the field frequency and the interaction strengths reach the ultrastrong-coupling regimes. Qualitative differences arise upon comparison to single- and two-qubit systems. Simple analytic formulas show that three revival sequences produce a three-frequency beat note in the time evolution of the population. We find an explicit way to estimate the dynamics for qubit-field and qubit-qubit entanglement inside the three-qubit system in the ultrastrong-coupling regime, and the resistance to sudden death proves that the entanglement in the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state is more robust than that in the WWW state.
In this paper, the finite-size Dicke model of arbitrary number of qubits is solved analytically in a unified way within extended coherent states. For the or Dicke models ( k is an integer), the G -function, which is only an energy dependent determinant, is derived in a transparent manner. The regular spectrum is completely and uniquely given by stable zeros of the G -function. The closed-form exceptional eigenvalues are also derived. The level distribution controlled by the pole structure of the G -functions suggests non-integrability for model at any finite coupling in the sense of recent criteria found in the literature. A preliminary application to the exact dynamics of genuine multipartite entanglement in the finite- N Dicke model is presented using the obtained exact solutions.
We generalize the dispersive theory of the Jaynes-Cummings model beyond the frequently employed rotating-wave approximation (RWA) in the coupling between the two-level system and the resonator. For a detuning sufficiently larger than the qubit-oscillator coupling, we diagonalize the non-RWA Hamiltonian and discuss the differences to the known RWA results. Our results extend the regime in which dispersive qubit readout is possible. If several qubits are coupled to one resonator, an effective qubit-qubit interaction of Ising type emerges, whereas RWA leads to isotropic XYXYXY interaction. This impacts on the entanglement characteristics of the qubits.