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arXiv:1512.07656 · New Journal of Physics

Interfaces between Bose–Einstein and Tonks–Girardeau atomic gases

Giovanni Filatrella, Boris A. Malomed

Published Feb 3, 2016• 3 citations
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Abstract

We consider one-dimensional mixtures of an atomic Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) and Tonks–Girardeau (TG) gas. The mixture is modeled by a coupled system of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation for the BEC and the quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the TG component. An immiscibility condition for the binary system is derived in a general form. Under this condition, three types of BEC–TG interfaces are considered: domain walls (DWs) separating the two components; bubble-drops (BDs), in the form of a drop of one component immersed into the other (BDs may be considered as bound states of two DWs); and bound states of bright and dark solitons (BDSs). The same model applies to the copropagation of two optical waves in a colloidal medium. The results are obtained by means of systematic numerical analysis, in combination with analytical Thomas–Fermi approximations (TFAs). Using both methods, families of DW states are produced in a generic form. BD complexes exist solely in the form of a TG drop embedded into the BEC background. On the contrary, BDSs exist as bound states of TG bright and BEC dark components, and vice versa.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/18/2/025005

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We consider one-dimensional mixtures of an atomic Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) and Tonks–Girardeau (TG) gas. The mixture is modeled by a coupled system of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation for the BEC and the quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the TG component. An immiscibility condition for the binary system is derived in a general form. Under this condition, three types of BEC–TG interfaces are considered: domain walls (DWs) separating the two components; bubble-drops (BDs), in the form of a drop of one component immersed into the other (BDs may be considered as bound states of two DWs); and bound states of bright and dark solitons (BDSs). The same model applies to the copropagation of two optical waves in a colloidal medium. The results are obtained by means of systematic numerical analysis, in combination with analytical Thomas–Fermi approximations (TFAs). Using both methods, families of DW states are produced in a generic form. BD complexes exist solely in the form of a TG drop embedded into the BEC background. On the contrary, BDSs exist as bound states of TG bright and BEC dark components, and vice versa.
The existence and stability of domain walls (DWs) and bubble-droplet (BD) states in binary mixtures of quasi-one-dimensional ultracold Bose gases with inter- and intraspecies repulsive interactions is considered. Previously, DWs were studied by means of coupled systems of Gross-Pitaevskii equations (GPEs) with cubic terms, which model immiscible binary Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). We address immiscible BECs with two- and three-body repulsive interactions, as well as binary Tonks--Girardeau (TG) gases, using systems of GPEs with cubic and quintic nonlinearities for the binary BEC, and coupled nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations with quintic terms for the TG gases. Exact DW solutions are found for the symmetric BEC mixture, with equal intraspecies scattering lengths. Stable asymmetric DWs in the BEC mixtures with dissimilar interactions in the two components, as well as of symmetric and asymmetric DWs in the binary TG gas, are found by means of numerical and approximate analytical methods. In the BEC system, DWs can be easily put in motion by phase imprinting. Combining a DW and anti-DW on a ring, we construct BD states for both the BEC and TG models. These consist of a dark soliton in one component (the ``bubble''), and a bright soliton (the ``droplet'') in the other. In the BEC system, these composite states are mobile, too.
The existence of bright solitons in the model of the Tonks–Girardeau (TG) gas with dipole–dipole (DD) interactions is reported. The governing equation is taken as the quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with the nonlocal cubic term accounting for the DD attraction. In different regions of the parameter space (the dipole moment and atom number), matter-wave solitons feature flat-top or compacton-like shapes. For the flat-top states, the NLSE with the local cubic-quintic (CQ) nonlinearity is shown to be a good approximation. Specific dynamical effects are studied assuming that the strength of the DD interactions is ramped up or drops to zero. Generation of dark-soliton pairs in the gas shrinking under the action of the intensifying DD attraction is observed. Dark solitons exhibit particle-like collision behaviour. Peculiarities of dipole solitons in the TG gas are highlighted by comparison with the NLSE including the local CQ terms. Collisions between the bright solitons are also studied. In many cases, the collisions result in the merger of the solitons into a breather, due to a strong attraction between them. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version) 1.
The existence of bright solitons in the model of the Tonks-Girardeau (TG) gas with dipole-dipole (DD) interactions is reported. The governing equation is taken as the quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with the nonlocal cubic term accounting for the DD attraction. In different regions of the parameter space (the dipole moment and atom number), matter-wave solitons feature flat-top or compacton-like shapes. For the flat-top states, the NLSE with the local cubic-quintic (CQ) nonlinearity is shown to be a good approximation. Specific dynamical effects are studied assuming that the strength of the DD interactions is ramped up or drops to zero. Generation of dark-soliton pairs in the gas shrinking under the action of the intensifying DD attraction is observed. Dark solitons exhibit the particle-like collision behavior. Peculiarities of dipole solitons in the TG gas are highlighted by comparison with the NLSE including the local CQ terms. Collisions between the solitons are studied too. In many cases, the collisions result in merger of the solitons into a breather, due to strong attraction between them.
While binary atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) are typically prone to collapse under strong interspecies attraction, it has been shown that higher-order fluctuation corrections, known as Lee-Huang-Yang corrections, can stabilize the mixture. In this work we demonstrate an alternative stabilization mechanism based on kinetic energy. Specifically, we consider a one-dimensional mixture of a quasi-BEC and a Tonks-Girardeau (TG) gas and show that the kinetic energy of the TG component can counteract the interspecies attraction, thereby preventing collapse. This balance leads to the formation of a self-bound quantum droplet, which exhibits two distinct regimes: a low-density droplet and a high-density droplet. We argue that these regimes are smoothly connected by a crossover. Furthermore, an analysis of the derivatives of the ground-state energy and bulk modulus reveals that the transition from a miscible mixture to the droplet phase is of third order. Our findings extend the theoretical understanding of quantum droplets in low-dimensional quantum gases, and the proposed system may be experimentally accessible within current ultracold-atom platforms.
This dissertation focuses on the properties of nonlinear waves in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). The fundamental model here is the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, the so-called Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation, which is a mean-field description of BECs. The systematic analysis begins by considering the dark-bright (DB)-soliton interactions and multiple-dark-bright-soliton complexes in atomic two-component BECs. The interaction between two DB solitons in a homogeneous condensate and at the presence of the trap are both considered. Our analytical approximation relies in a Hamiltonian perturbation theory, which leads to an equation of motion of the centers of DB-soliton interacting pairs. Employing this equation, we demonstrate the existence of robust DB-soliton molecules, in the form of stationary two- and three-DB-soliton states. Also the equilibrium distance of the constituent solitons and the corresponding oscillation frequencies are found semianalytically, where the latter corresponds to the characteristic anomalous modes' eigenfrequencies that we numerically computed via a so called Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) linearization analysis. Those studies are discussed in Chapter 2. Then, we extend our studies to the dynamics of dark-bright (DB) solitons in binary BECs at finite temperature using a system of two-coupled dissipative GPs. We show that the effect of the bright soliton is to partially stabilize dark solitons against temperature-induced dissipation, thus providing longer lifetimes in Chapter 3. Furthermore, the dark-dark (DD) solitons as a prototypical coherent structure that emerges in two-component BECs are studied and are connected to dark-bright (DB) solitons via SO(2) rotation. We obtained their beating frequency and their frequency of oscillation inside a parabolic trap. They are identified as exact periodic orbits in the Manakov limit of equal inter- and intra- species nonlinearity strengths with and without the trap and we showcase the persistence of such states upon weak deviations from this limit. Also we investigated in detail the effect of the deviation from the Manakov case by considering different from unity scattering length ratios in Chapter 4. Next, we revisited Hamiltonian eigenvalue problems that typically arise in the linearization around a stationary state of a Hamiltonian nonlinear PDE. Also we presented a overview of the known facts for the eigenvalue counts of the corresponding unstable spectra. In particular, we focused on a straightforward plan to implement finite-dimensional techniques for locating this spectrum via the singular points of the meromorphic Krein Matrix and illustrated the value of the approach by considering realistic problems for recently observed experimentally multivortex and multisoliton solutions in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates in Chapter 5. In the two dimensional scenario, we also examine the stability and dynamics of vortices under the effect of dissipation used as a simplified model for the inclusion of the effect of finite temperatures in atomic BECs, which enables an analytical prediction that can be compared directly to numerical results in Chapter 6. In all the above studies, our analytical prediction from the equation of motion are in good agreement with the numerical results from the BdG analysis.
In the present contribution, we explore a host of different stationary states, namely dark-bright solitons and their lattices, that arise in the context of multicomponent atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. The latter are modeled by systems of coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations with general interaction (nonlinearity) coefficients gij{g}_{ij}gij​. It is found that in some particular parameter ranges such solutions can be obtained in analytical form, however, numerically they are computed as existing in a far wider parametric range. Many features of the solutions under study, such as their analytical form without the trap or the stability and dynamical properties of one dark-bright soliton even in the presence of the trap are obtained analytically and corroborated numerically. Additional features, such as the stability of soliton lattice homogeneous states or their existence and stability in the presence of the trap, are examined numerically.