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arXiv:1512.07427 · Physical Review A

Conditioned quantum motion of an atom in a continuously monitored one-dimensional lattice

Ralf Blattmann, Klaus Mølmer

Published May 18, 2016• 11 citations
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Abstract

We consider a quantum particle on a one-dimensional lattice subject to weak local measurements and study its stochastic dynamics conditioned on the measurement outcomes. Depending on the measurement strength our analysis of the quantum trajectories reveals dynamical regimes ranging from quasicoherent wave-packet oscillations to a Zeno-type dynamics. We analyze how these dynamical regimes are directly reflected in the spectral properties of the noisy measurement records.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.93.052113

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We consider a quantum particle on a one-dimensional lattice subject to weak local measurements and study its stochastic dynamics conditioned on the measurement outcomes. Depending on the measurement strength our analysis of the quantum trajectories reveals dynamical regimes ranging from quasicoherent wave-packet oscillations to a Zeno-type dynamics. We analyze how these dynamical regimes are directly reflected in the spectral properties of the noisy measurement records.
In quantum physics, measurements give random results and yield a corresponding random backaction on the state of the system subject to measurement. If a quantum system is probed continuously over time, its state evolves along a stochastic quantum trajectory. To investigate the characteristic properties of such dynamics, we perform weak continuous measurements on a superconducting qubit that is driven to undergo Rabi oscillations. From the data we observe a number of striking temporal correlations within the time dependent signals and the quantum trajectories of the qubit, and we discuss their explanation in terms of quantum measurement and photodetection theory.
We consider a qubit governed by a sequence of weak measurements, with the measurement strength modified in a time- and state-dependent manner. Here we show that the resulting trajectory of the qubit in the phase space can be weakly controlled without any direct action on the qubit (control-free control), even if only one fixed observable is measured. In particular, we demonstrate a possibility of a weak form of a stochastic ratchet, allowing us to weakly push the qubit's state without any net force in the effective potential. Furthermore, if the weak measurement strength is significantly reduced in a way conditioned to some particular state, a dynamical localization near this state takes place. If the measurement strength is reduced to zero, a singularity appears, which behaves like an artificial basis state.
This thesis considers quantum systems which interact with their surrounding environment. Specifically we consider the underlying stochastic dynamics which arise from the back-action of measurements performed in the environment. These quantum trajectories can be tracked by continuously monitoring the environment, as is now possible in modern experiments. We consider phenomena understood at the average level of the system state density matrix, and explore these at this more information rich level. This is especially relevant for experimental setups and implementation of quantum technologies. Firstly, we consider how systems exhibiting metastability behave at the level of stochastic quantum trajectories. In doing so we make comparisons to classical theories of metastability, where trajectories exhibit fast relaxation into distinct phases and slow transitions between them. We also illustrate when this phenomenology does not hold, with instead the emergence of a slow manifold in the form of a decoherence free subspace. We also highlight the useful role that quantum reset processes can play in the analysis of stochastic quantum trajectories. The dynamics of the stochastic quantum trajectories depends on the choice of environmental measurements. There are many choices which leave the average dynamics unchanged, but give different statistical ensembles of quantum trajectories. This gauge freedom of the average dynamics is well known. We derive the analogous result at the level of quantum trajectory ensembles; giving the measurement protocols which leave the generator of the stochastic trajectory dynamics unchanged. We also extend this to include joint trajectories of conditional system states and their associated measurement records, either full records or coarse-grained. Using these results on gauge freedoms of quantum trajectories, we consider the conditions under which the trajectory dynamics exhibit a weak unitary symmetry. We then consider under what conditions the joint state of the system and environment exhibit symmetric dynamics, including under various levels of dephasing. We find that the joint dynamics always features a separable symmetry directly related to that of the quantum master equation, but for quantum trajectories the corresponding symmetry is present only if the counting measurement satisfies certain conditions.
We investigate measurement-induced localization in a continuously monitored one-dimensional Aubry--André--Harper model, focusing on the quantum Zeno regime in which the measurements dominate coherent dynamics. The presence of a quasiperiodic potential renders the problem analytically tractable and enables a controlled study of the interplay between monitoring and disorder. We develop an analytical description based on an instantaneous Schrödinger equation with a measurement-induced effective potential constructed self-consistently from individual quantum trajectories, without relying on postselection. In the quantum Zeno regime, an emergent dominant energy scale reduces the problem to a transfer-matrix formulation of an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian, which allows direct computation of the Lyapunov exponent. Complementarily, we extract the localization length numerically from long-time steady-state quantum state diffusion trajectories by reconstructing the intrinsic localized single-particle wave functions and analyzing their spatial decay. These numerical results show quantitative agreement with the effective theory predictions, with controlled corrections of order J2/[λ2+(γ/2)2]J^2/[λ^2+(γ/2)^2]J2/[λ2+(γ/2)2] (where JJJ is the hopping amplitude, γγγ the measurement strength, and λλλ the quasiperiodic potential). Our results underscore the connection between the effective non-Hermitian description and the stochastic monitored dynamics, showing the interplay between Zeno-like localization, coherent hopping, and quasiperiodic-disorder-induced localization, while also laying the groundwork for understanding and exploiting measurement-induced localization as a tool for quantum control and state preparation.