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arXiv:1512.06707

Discrimination of Quantum States under Local Operations and Classical Communication

Özenç Güngör

Published Dec 21, 2015• 0 citations
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Abstract

The problem of quantum state discrimination, which is a foundational aspect of quantum information theory, and its relation to the theory of majorization are discussed. The purpose of this study is to review different approaches to the problem and analyze different cases of quantum-state discrimination, most importantly the discrimination of bipartite entangled quantum states under local operations and classical communication. Two partial results on using entanglement as a resource for quantum-state discrimination and discrimination with remaining entanglement is given. The important points are also summarized and the results are discussed.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1512.06707

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The problem of quantum state discrimination, which is a foundational aspect of quantum information theory, and its relation to the theory of majorization are discussed. The purpose of this study is to review different approaches to the problem and analyze different cases of quantum-state discrimination, most importantly the discrimination of bipartite entangled quantum states under local operations and classical communication. Two partial results on using entanglement as a resource for quantum-state discrimination and discrimination with remaining entanglement is given. The important points are also summarized and the results are discussed.
Distinguishability is a fundamental and operational measure generally connected to information applications. In quantum information theory, from the postulates of quantum mechanics it often has an intrinsic limitation, which then dictates and also characterises capabilities of related information tasks. In this work, we consider discrimination between bipartite two-qubit unitary transformations by local operations and classical communication (LOCC) and its relations to entangling capabilities of given unitaries. We show that a pair of entangling unitaries which do not contain local parts, if they are perfectly distinguishable by global operations, can also be perfectly distinguishable by LOCC. There also exist non-entangling unitaries, e.g. local unitaries, that are perfectly discriminated by global operations but not by LOCC. The results show that capabilities of LOCC are strictly restricted than global operations in distinguishing bipartite unitaries for a finite number of repetitions, contrast to discrimination of a pair of bipartite states and also to asymptotic discrimination of unitaries.
Local operations assisted with classical communication (LOCC) and/or its stochastic generalization induce an ordering relation among bipartite entangled states based on their inter-convertibility. This, in multipartite scenario, leads to different classes of entanglement where states within a class can be inter-converted but conversion among different classes is not possible, and thus results in incomparable multipartite entangled resources. Here we show that a bona-fide ordering relation, under the operational paradigm of LOCC, can be established between two such incomparable states based on their performance in some operational task. Entanglement assisted local state discrimination provides one such platform for resource comparison and the notion of genuinely nonlocal product states becomes quite pertinent in this regard. We provide the detailed framework along with explicit examples exhibiting how incomparable resources can be put into well defined ordered relation.
We explore the question of using an entangled state as a universal resource for implementing quantum measurements by local operations and classical communication (LOCC). We show that for most systems consisting of three or more subsystems, there is no entangled state from the same space that can enable all measurements by LOCC. This is in direct contrast to the bipartite case, where a maximally entangled state is a universal resource. Our results are obtained showing an equivalence between the problem of local state transformation and that of entanglement-assisted local unambiguous state discrimination.
We explore the question of entanglement as a universal resource for implementing quantum measurements by local operations and classical communication (LOCC). We show that for most multipartite systems (consisting of three or more subsystems), there is no entangled state from the same space that can enable all measurements by LOCC. This is in direct contrast to the bipartite case, where a maximally entangled state is an universal resource. Our results are obtained by considering the problem of local state discrimination using entanglement as a resource; and a key ingredient in our proofs is showing an equivalence between the problem of local state discrimination and that of unambiguous local state transformation. We also present partial characterization of universal resource states in multipartite systems.
We consider the problem of local operations and classical communication (LOCC) discrimination between two bipartite pure states of fermionic systems. We show that, contrary to the case of quantum systems, for fermionic systems it is generally not possible to achieve the ideal state discrimination performances through LOCC measurements. On the other hand, we show that an ancillary system made of two fermionic modes in a maximally entangled state is a sufficient additional resource to attain the ideal performances via LOCC measurements. The stability of the ideal results is studied when the probability of preparation of the two states is perturbed, and a tight bound on the discrimination error is derived.
In this work, we construct small sets of bipartite orthogonal pure states that cannot be perfectly distinguished by local operations and classical communication (LOCC). We mention that not all the states within the constructed sets are necessarily entangled. However, such a set contains at least one entangled state which cannot be conclusively identified by LOCC (with nonzero probability). Then, we show that the states of any such set can be perfectly distinguished by LOCC using a minimal-dimensional entangled resource state. Clearly, here the entangled resource state provides an advantage irrespective of the dimension of the given set. Using this result, we also prove that any pure entangled state is useful as a resource to distinguish the states of any present set unambiguously with nonzero probability under LOCC. These sets exist in all two-qudit Hilbert spaces. Furthermore, it is possible to decrease the average entanglement content of such a set or to increase the cardinality of the set without changing certain properties of the same.