This article provides a brief review of how various spectroscopies have been used to investitage many-body quantum phenomena in the context of ultracold Fermi gases. In particular, work done with RF spectroscopy, Bragg spectroscopy and lattice modulation spectroscopy is considered. The theoretical basis of these spectroscopies, namely linear response theory in the many-body quantum physics context is briefly presented. Experiments related to the BCS–BEC crossover, imbalanced Fermi gases, polarons, possible pseudogap and Fermi liquid behaviour and measuring the contact are discussed. Remaining open problems and goals in the field are sketched from the perspective how spectroscopies could contribute.
This article provides a brief review of how various spectroscopies have been used to investitage many-body quantum phenomena in the context of ultracold Fermi gases. In particular, work done with RF spectroscopy, Bragg spectroscopy and lattice modulation spectroscopy is considered. The theoretical basis of these spectroscopies, namely linear response theory in the many-body quantum physics context is briefly presented. Experiments related to the BCS–BEC crossover, imbalanced Fermi gases, polarons, possible pseudogap and Fermi liquid behaviour and measuring the contact are discussed. Remaining open problems and goals in the field are sketched from the perspective how spectroscopies could contribute.
In this paper we present an overview of radio frequency (RF) spectroscopy in the atomic Fermi superfluids. An ultimate goal is to suggest new directions in the cold gas research agenda from the condensed matter perspective.Our focus is on the experimental and theoretical literature of cold gases and photoemission spectroscopy of the cuprates particularly as it pertains to areas of overlap. This paper contains a systematic overview of the theory of RF spectroscopy, both momentum integrated and momentum resolved. We discuss the effects of traps, population imbalance, final state interactions over the entire range of temperatures and compare theory and experiment. We show that this broad range of phenomena can be accomodated within the BCS-Leggett description of BCS-BEC crossover and that this scheme also captures some of the central observations in photoemission experiments in the cuprates. In this last context, we note that the key themes which have emerged in cuprate photoemission studies involve characterization of the fermionic self energy, of the pseudogap and of the effects of superconducting coherence (in passing from above to below the superfluid transition temperature, Tc).These issues have a counterpart in the cold Fermi gases and it would be most useful in future to use these atomic systems to address these and the more sweeping question of how to describe that anomalous superfluid phase which forms in the presence of a normal state excitation gap.
Abstract This chapter reviews experimental studies of fermionic superfluidity in ultracold atomic gases. Scattering properties of ultracold atoms and Feshbach resonances are introduced. The basic theoretical framework is presented based on the Leggett ansatz that provides intuition into many of the observed phenomena. The various experimental observations related to fermion pair condensation and superfluidity are described. The thermodynamic measurements of strongly interacting Fermi gases are considered. Experiments on superfluidity in the presence of population imbalance are reviewed. These studies have led to the observation of the Clogston–Chandrasekhar (or Pauli) limit of fermionic superfluidity and to the identification of a novel attractive Fermi liquid of polaronic quasiparticles. Novel Fermi systems, such as Fermi gases in lower dimensions, optical lattices, dipolar Fermi gases, and spin–orbit coupled Fermi gases, are also touched on briefly.
The physics of quantum degenerate atomic Fermi gases in uniform as well as in harmonically trapped configurations is reviewed from a theoretical perspective. Emphasis is given to the effect of interactions that play a crucial role, bringing the gas into a superfluid phase at low temperature. In these dilute systems, interactions are characterized by a single parameter, the s-wave scattering length, whose value can be tuned using an external magnetic field near a broad Feshbach resonance. The BCS limit of ordinary Fermi superfluidity, the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of dimers, and the unitary limit of large scattering length are important regimes exhibited by interacting Fermi gases. In particular, the BEC and the unitary regimes are characterized by a high value of the superfluid critical temperature, on the order of the Fermi temperature. Different physical properties are discussed, including the density profiles and the energy of the ground-state configurations, the momentum distribution, the fraction of condensed pairs, collective oscillations and pair-breaking effects, the expansion of the gas, the main thermodynamic properties, the behavior in the presence of optical lattices, and the signatures of superfluidity, such as the existence of quantized vortices, the quenching of the moment of inertia, and the consequences of spin polarization. Various theoretical approaches are considered, ranging from the mean-field description of the BCS-BEC crossover to nonperturbative methods based on quantum Monte Carlo techniques. A major goal of the review is to compare theoretical predictions with available experimental results.
Ultracold atomic gases provide an ideal system with which to study fundamental many-body physics.Exhibiting universal interactions in clean and controllable environments, long-used simple models as well as more exotic models can now be realized.The interplay between theory and experiment is therefore very active, and, in this thesis, I will detail several works, both exact analytic results and numerical calculations, which have impacts on current experiments.I begin with an introduction to the field including a brief discussion of experiments, the microscopic model of two species of interacting fermions, the BCS-BEC crossover and an overview of the various phases of atomic Fermi gases.I then describe the various results of my theoretical investigations, which are divided into five chapters.First, I describe radio frequency (RF) spectroscopy experiments and how they probe the single-particle spectral function.This leads to my results on an exact feature of the spectral lineshape, a universal large-momentum structure which exists for all states of interacting Fermi systems and has been verified in recent angle-resolved RF experiments.Second, I focus on gases which have a normal Fermi liquid ground state and show that their lineshape exhibits a characteristic jump discontinuity.I illustrate this Fermi surface singularity and the previously mentioned universal large momentum tail with explicit calculations.Third, I turn to the low energy structure of the single-particle spectral function in the superfluid state.I argue that sharp low energy quasiparticle excitations exist across the BCS-BEC crossover using a general argument that includes the interaction of fermions with the low-energy collective mode.This is illustrated with an explicit calculation within an approximation scheme.Fourth, I address the trap-induced inhomogeneity and use a Bogoliubov-deGennes analysis to test if a simple local density approximation (LDA) can provide an adequate description of a spin imbalanced Fermi system.Finally, I discuss dynamics of atomic gases motivated by a recent experiment in which two spin-polarized clouds are allowed to collide with each other.Despite the underlying attractive interactions, the clouds are seen to bounce off of each other.Using a hydrodynamic description, I argue that the short and intermediate time dynamics reflects a metastable state in which the effective interaction is repulsive.It is my hope that the work presented in this thesis can be used to gain key insights which inspire future endeavors.6.2 Time dependence of the center-of-mass positions zσ of the two spin clouds at unitarity for an initial separation z↑ (t = 0) = R z , z↓ (t = 0) = -R z using the upper branch energy functional and damping γ = 1.Red (upper) and blue (lower) curves denote the different spin species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 6.3 The upper branch energy functional obtained from lowest order constraint variational method.(a), energy as a function of the polarization P for various values of k F a s as indicated in the figure.(b), energy as a function of the interaction parameter k F a s for various values of polarization P as indicated in the figure.(c), phase diagram of the interacting two-component Fermi gases.The two vertical red dashed lines indicates the separation between three phases.For 1/(k F a s ) > 1.124, the system is in the Fermi liquid (FL) phase.For 1.124 > 1/(k F a s ) > 0.91, the system is in the partially polarized phase (PP) and for 1/(k F a s ) < 0.91, the system is fully polarized. . . . . .74 6.4 (Color online) Time dependence of the center-of-mass positions zσ of the two spin clouds for k F (0)a s = 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 6.5 (Color online) Time dependence of the center-of-mass positions zσ of the two spin clouds for k F (0)a s = 0.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ultracold atomic gases are a powerful tool to experimentally study strongly correlated quantum many-body systems. In particular, ultracold Fermi gases with tunable interactions have allowed to realize the famous BEC-BCS crossover from a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of molecules to a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid of weakly bound Cooper pairs. However, large parts of the excitation spectrum of fermionic superfluids in the BEC-BCS crossover are still unexplored. In this work, we use Bragg spectroscopy to measure the full momentum-resolved low-energy excitation spectrum of strongly interacting ultracold Fermi gases. This enables us to directly observe the smooth transformation from a bosonic to a fermionic superfluid that takes place in the BEC-BCS crossover. We also use our spectra to determine the evolution of the superfluid gap and find excellent agreement with previous experiments and self-consistent T-matrix calculations both in the BEC and crossover regime. However, toward the BCS regime a calculation that includes the effects of particle-hole correlations shows better agreement with our data.
The paradigm of Landau Fermi liquid theory has successfully described the low-energy behavior of numerous metallic systems. However, a growing number of experimental observations in strongly correlated electron materials, such as high-temperature superconductors and heavy fermion compounds, defy this conventional description, exhibiting what is known as non-Fermi liquid (NFL) behavior. These exotic states lack well-defined quasiparticle excitations, displaying anomalous scaling laws and transport properties. Ultracold atomic gases have emerged as highly controllable quantum simulators for strongly correlated matter, offering unprecedented access to tunable interaction strengths, dimensionality, and lattice geometries. This paper explores the potential of ultracold fermionic gases to unveil and characterize NFL behavior. We review the theoretical underpinnings of Landau Fermi liquid theory and its breakdown, survey prominent theoretical models for NFL states, and highlight experimental techniques in ultracold atomic systems pertinent to their detection. Specific attention is given to phenomena such as the BCS-BEC crossover, quantum criticality, and pseudogap phases in ultracold fermions, where strong interactions are expected to lead to deviations from quasiparticle descriptions. We discuss experimental signatures like anomalous spectral functions, linear-in-temperature resistivity analogs, and deviations in thermodynamic properties, proposing how these could be observed and analyzed in current and future ultracold atom platforms. This research aims to leverage the purity and tunability of atomic gases to gain fundamental insights into the nature of NFL states, contributing to a broader understanding of quantum many-body physics beyond the conventional quasiparticle picture.