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arXiv:1511.00141 · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Mean-field regime and Thomas–Fermi approximations of trapped Bose–Einstein condensates with higher-order interactions in one and two dimensions

Xinran Ruan, Yongyong Cai, Weizhu Bao

Published May 19, 2016• 10 citations

Abstract

Abstract We derive rigorously one- and two-dimensional mean-field equations for cigar- and pancake-shaped Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) with higher-order interactions (HOIs), which originate from shape-dependent confinement corrections to the effective two-body atomic interaction potential. We show how the higher-order interaction modifies the contact interaction of the strongly confined particles. Surprisingly, we find that the usual Gaussian profile assumption for the strongly confining direction is inappropriate for the cigar-shaped BEC case, and a Thomas–Fermi-type profile should be adopted instead. Based on the derived mean-field equations, the Thomas–Fermi densities are analyzed in the presence of the contact interaction and HOI, and considering the limit of large contact interaction and HOI. For both box and harmonic traps in one, two and three dimensions, we identify the analytical Thomas–Fermi densities, which depend on the competition between the contact interaction and the HOI.

DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/49/12/125304

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Abstract We derive rigorously one- and two-dimensional mean-field equations for cigar- and pancake-shaped Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) with higher-order interactions (HOIs), which originate from shape-dependent confinement corrections to the effective two-body atomic interaction potential. We show how the higher-order interaction modifies the contact interaction of the strongly confined particles. Surprisingly, we find that the usual Gaussian profile assumption for the strongly confining direction is inappropriate for the cigar-shaped BEC case, and a Thomas–Fermi-type profile should be adopted instead. Based on the derived mean-field equations, the Thomas–Fermi densities are analyzed in the presence of the contact interaction and HOI, and considering the limit of large contact interaction and HOI. For both box and harmonic traps in one, two and three dimensions, we identify the analytical Thomas–Fermi densities, which depend on the competition between the contact interaction and the HOI.

We derive rigorous one- and two-dimensional mean-field equations for cigar- and pancake-shaped dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates with arbitrary polarization angle. We show how the dipolar interaction modifies the contact interaction of the strongly confined atoms. In addition, our equations introduce a nonlocal potential, which is anisotropic for pancake-shaped condensates. We propose to observe this anisotropy via measurement of the condensate aspect ratio. We also derive analytically approximate density profiles from our equations. Both the numerical solutions of our reduced mean-field equations and the analytical density profiles agree well with numerical solutions of the full Gross-Pitaevskii equation while being more efficient to compute.

By incorporating the zero-point energy contribution we derive simple and accurate extensions of the usual Thomas-Fermi (TF) expressions for the ground-state properties of trapped Bose-Einstein condensates that remain valid for an arbitrary number of atoms in the mean-field regime. Specifically, we obtain approximate analytical expressions for the ground-state properties of spherical, cigar-shaped, and disk-shaped condensates that reduce to the correct analytical formulas in both the TF and the perturbative regimes, and remain valid and accurate in between these two limiting cases. Mean-field quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) and -2D condensates appear as simple particular cases of our formulation. The validity of our results is corroborated by an independent numerical computation based on the 3D Gross-Pitaevskii equation.

By applying the standard adiabatic approximation and using the accurate analytical expression for the corresponding local chemical potential obtained in our previous work [Phys. Rev. A 75, 063610 (2007)] we derive an effective 1D equation that governs the axial dynamics of mean-field cigar-shaped condensates with repulsive interatomic interactions, accounting accurately for the contribution from the transverse degrees of freedom. This equation, which is more simple than previous proposals, is also more accurate. Moreover, it allows treating condensates containing an axisymmetric vortex with no additional cost. Our effective equation also has the correct limit in both the quasi-1D mean-field regime and the Thomas-Fermi regime and permits one to derive fully analytical expressions for ground-state properties such as the chemical potential, axial length, axial density profile, and local sound velocity. These analytical expressions remain valid and accurate in between the above two extreme regimes. Following the same procedure we also derive an effective 2D equation that governs the transverse dynamics of mean-field disk-shaped condensates. This equation, which also has the correct limit in both the quasi-2D and the Thomas-Fermi regime, is again more simple and accurate than previous proposals. We have checked the validity of our equations by numerically solving the full 3D Gross-Pitaevskii equation.

Starting from the three-dimensional (3D) time-dependent nonlinear Gross–Pitaevskii equation for a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) and the density-functional (DF) equation for a Fermi superfluid at the unitarity and Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) limits, we derive effective one- (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) mean-field equations, respectively, for the dynamics of a trapped cigar- and disc-shaped BEC and Fermi superfluid by using the adiabatic approximation. The reduced 1D and 2D equations for a cigar- and disc-shaped Fermi superfluid have simple analytic non-linear terms and at unitarity produce results for stationary properties and non-stationary breathing oscillation and free expansion in excellent agreement with the solution of the full 3D equation.

Starting from the three-dimensional (3D) time-dependent nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation for a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) and density functional (DF) equation for a Fermi superfluid at the unitarity and Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) limits, we derive effective one- (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) mean-field equations, respectively, for the dynamics of a trapped cigar- and disk-shaped BEC and Fermi superfluid by using the adiabatic approximation. The reduced 1D and 2D equations for a cigar- and disk-shaped Fermi superfluid have simple analytic nonlinear terms and at unitarity produce results for stationary properties and non-stationary breathing oscillation and free expansion in excellent agreement with the solution of the full 3D equation.