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arXiv:1510.08645 · Physical Review A

Quantum adiabatic evolution with energy degeneracy levels

Qi Zhang

Published Jan 21, 2016• 9 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

A classical-kind phase-space formalism is developed to address the tiny intrinsic dynamical deviation from what is predicted by Wilczek--Zee theorem during quantum adiabatic evolution on degeneracy levels. In this formalism, the Hilbert space and the aggregate of degenerate eigenstates become the classical-kind phase space and a high-dimensional subspace in the phase space, respectively. Compared with the previous analogous study by a different method, the current result is qualitatively different in that the first-order deviation derived here is always perpendicular to the degeneracy subspace. A tripod-scheme Hamiltonian with two degenerate dark states is employed to illustrate the adiabatic deviation with degeneracy levels.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.93.012116

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A classical-kind phase-space formalism is developed to address the tiny intrinsic dynamical deviation from what is predicted by Wilczek--Zee theorem during quantum adiabatic evolution on degeneracy levels. In this formalism, the Hilbert space and the aggregate of degenerate eigenstates become the classical-kind phase space and a high-dimensional subspace in the phase space, respectively. Compared with the previous analogous study by a different method, the current result is qualitatively different in that the first-order deviation derived here is always perpendicular to the degeneracy subspace. A tripod-scheme Hamiltonian with two degenerate dark states is employed to illustrate the adiabatic deviation with degeneracy levels.
It is known that the dynamics and geometric phase of a quantum system could be mapped mathematically into a classical system of coupled oscillators without loss of physics. In this work, we show that this quantum-classical mapping can also be used to simulate non-Abelian dynamics and phase of the quantum system with energy degeneracy by interpreting the quantum degeneracy as the resonance between the eigenfrequencies of the classical oscillators. The quantum evolution and Wilczek-Zee phase in the degenerate subspace can also be described by the classical non-Abelian evolution and a non-Abelian geometric angle in the resonant subspace. By studying the adiabatic evolution in this classical non-Abelian case, our results can also be used to generalize the concept of averaging principle and Hannay's angle into the classical system with resonant eigenfrequencies. The quantum-classical mapping of a tripod-scheme Hamiltonian with two degenerate dark states is employed to illustrate the classical non-Abelian dynamics and geometric angles.
We propose a general description of adiabatic evolution of degenerate quantum systems in both linear and nonlinear cases. We derive the effective evolution equations of the considered system. For nondegenerate cases, we obtain a generalized Berry's phase for nonlinear systems. For linear cases, the equations reduce to the Wilczek-Zee dynamics in degenerate quantum systems, where non-Abelian adiabatic connections appear. The method can be used to study the coherent atom-molecule transition in ultracold quantum gases with degeneracy and is consistent with quantized treatment.
Quantum adiabatic evolution is a dynamical evolution of a quantum system under slow external driving. According to the quantum adiabatic theorem, no transitions occur between nondegenerate instantaneous energy eigenstates in such a dynamical evolution. However, this is true only when the driving rate is infinitesimally small. For a small nonzero driving rate, there are generally small transition probabilities between the energy eigenstates. We develop a classical mechanics framework to address the small deviations from the quantum adiabatic theorem order by order. A hierarchy of Hamiltonians is constructed iteratively with the zeroth-order Hamiltonian being determined by the original system Hamiltonian. The k th-order deviations are governed by a k th-order Hamiltonian, which depends on the time derivatives of the adiabatic parameters up to the k th-order. Two simple examples, the Landau–Zener model and a spin-1/2 particle in a rotating magnetic field, are used to illustrate our hierarchical theory. Our analysis also exposes a deep, previously unknown connection between classical adiabatic theory and quantum adiabatic theory.
We introduce an adiabatic perturbation theory for quantum systems with degenerate energy spectra. This perturbative series enables one to rigorously establish conditions for the validity of the adiabatic theorem of quantum mechanics for degenerate systems. The same formalism can be used to find nonadiabatic corrections to the non-Abelian Wilczek-Zee geometric phase. These corrections are relevant to assess the validity of the practical implementation of the concept of fractional exchange statistics. We illustrate the formalism with an exactly solvable time-dependent problem.
We present details and expand on the framework leading to the recently introduced degenerate adiabatic perturbation theory [Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 170406 (2010)], and on the formulation of the degenerate adiabatic theorem, along with its necessary and sufficient conditions [given in Phys. Rev. A 85, 062111 (2012)]. We start with the adiabatic approximation for degenerate Hamiltonians that paves the way to a clear and rigorous statement of the associated degenerate adiabatic theorem, where the non-Abelian geometric phase (Wilczek-Zee phase) plays a central role to its quantitative formulation. We then describe the degenerate adiabatic perturbation theory, whose zeroth-order term is the degenerate adiabatic approximation, in its full generality. The parameter in the perturbative power-series expansion of the time-dependent wave function is directly associated to the inverse of the time it takes to drive the system from its initial to its final state. With the aid of the degenerate adiabatic perturbation theory we obtain rigorous necessary and sufficient conditions for the validity of the adiabatic theorem of quantum mechanics. Finally, to illustrate the power and wide scope of the methodology, we apply the framework to a degenerate Hamiltonian, whose closed-form time-dependent wave function is derived exactly, and also to other nonexactly solvable Hamiltonians whose solutions are numerically computed.
We unveil that even an infinitesimal deviation of the initial state from the eigenstates of the initial Hamiltonian can yield a significant change in the geometric phase accompanying adiabatic evolution without degeneracies of the energy levels. This leads to the counterintuitive result that the values of two geometric phases computed from the general definition of the Berry phase [Samuel and Bhandari, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 2339 (1988)] can dramatically differ from each other in the adiabatic limit even if their evolution paths are sufficiently close in a pointwise manner. The result of this work indicates that the widely accepted theory of geometric phases is not very consistent in the context of adiabatic evolution involving superposed eigenstates.