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arXiv:1510.05810 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Yang–Baxter integrable models in experiments: from condensed matter to ultracold atoms

Murray T. Batchelor, Angela Foerster

Published Mar 22, 2016• 89 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract The Yang–Baxter equation has long been recognised as the masterkey to integrability, providing the basis for exactly solved models which capture the fundamental physics of a number of realistic classical and quantum systems. In this article we provide an introductory survey of the impact of Yang–Baxter integrable models on experiments in condensed matter physics and ultracold atoms. A number of prominent examples are covered, including the hard-hexagon model, the Heisenberg spin chain, the transverse quantum Ising chain, a spin ladder model, the Lieb–Liniger Bose gas, the Gaudin–Yang Fermi gas and the two-site Bose–Hubbard model. The review concludes by pointing to some other recent developments with promise for further progress.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/49/17/173001

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Abstract The Yang–Baxter equation has long been recognised as the masterkey to integrability, providing the basis for exactly solved models which capture the fundamental physics of a number of realistic classical and quantum systems. In this article we provide an introductory survey of the impact of Yang–Baxter integrable models on experiments in condensed matter physics and ultracold atoms. A number of prominent examples are covered, including the hard-hexagon model, the Heisenberg spin chain, the transverse quantum Ising chain, a spin ladder model, the Lieb–Liniger Bose gas, the Gaudin–Yang Fermi gas and the two-site Bose–Hubbard model. The review concludes by pointing to some other recent developments with promise for further progress.
Including topics not traditionally covered in literature, such as (1+1)-dimensional QFT and classical 2D Coulomb gases, this book considers a wide range of models and demonstrates a number of situations to which they can be applied. Beginning with a treatise of nonrelativistic 1D continuum Fermi and Bose quantum gases of identical spinless particles, the book describes the quantum inverse scattering method and the analysis of the related Yang–Baxter equation and integrable quantum Heisenberg models. It also discusses systems within condensed matter physics, the complete solution of the sine-Gordon model and modern trends in the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz. Each chapter concludes with problems and solutions to help consolidate the reader's understanding of the theory and its applications. Basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and equilibrium statistical physics is assumed, making this book suitable for graduate students and researchers in statistical physics, quantum mechanics and mathematical and theoretical physics.
Over the past two decades quantum engineering has made significant advances in our ability to create genuine quantum many-body systems using ultracold atoms. In particular, some prototypical exactly solvable Yang-Baxter systems have been successfully realized allowing us to confront elegant and sophisticated exact solutions of these systems with their experimental counterparts. The new experimental developments show a variety of fundamental one-dimensional (1D) phenomena, ranging from the generalized hydrodynamics to dynamical fermionization, Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids, collective excitations, fractional exclusion statistics, quantum holonomy, spin-charge separation, competing orders with high spin symmetry and quantum impurity problems. This article briefly reviews these developments and provides rigorous understanding of those observed phenomena based on the exact solutions while highlighting the uniqueness of 1D quantum physics. The precision of atomic physics realizations of integrable many-body problems continues to inspire significant developments in mathematics and physics while at the same time offering the prospect to contribute to future quantum technology.
This article presents an elementary introduction on various aspects of the prototypical integrable model the Lieb–Liniger Bose gas ranging from the cooperative to the collective features of many-body phenomena. In 1963, Lieb and Liniger first solved this quantum field theory many-body problem using Bethe's hypothesis, i.e., a particular form of wavefunction introduced by Bethe in solving the one-dimensional Heisenberg model in 1931. Despite the Lieb–Liniger model is arguably the simplest exactly solvable model, it exhibits rich quantum many-body physics in terms of the aspects of mathematical integrability and physical universality. Moreover, the Yang–Yang grand canonical ensemble description for the model provides us with a deep understanding of quantum statistics, thermodynamics, and quantum critical phenomena at the many-body physical level. Recently, such fundamental physics of this exactly solved model has been attracting growing interest in experiments. Since 2004, there have been more than 20 experimental papers that reported novel observations of different physical aspects of the Lieb–Liniger model in the laboratory. So far the observed results are in excellent agreement with results obtained using the analysis of this simplest exactly solved model. Those experimental observations reveal the unique beauty of integrability.
Ultracold atomic gases provide a fantastic platform to implement quantum simulators and investigate a variety of models initially introduced in condensed matter physics or other areas. One of the most promising applications of quantum simulation is the study of strongly correlated Fermi gases, for which exact theoretical results are not always possible with state-of-the-art approaches. Here, we review recent progress of the quantum simulation of the emblematic Fermi–Hubbard model with ultracold atoms. After introducing the Fermi–Hubbard model in the context of condensed matter, its implementation in ultracold atom systems, and its phase diagram, we review landmark experimental achievements, from the early observation of the onset of quantum degeneracy and superfluidity to the demonstration of the Mott insulator regime and the emergence of long-range anti-ferromagnetic order. We conclude by discussing future challenges, including the possible observation of high- T c superconductivity, transport properties, and the interplay of strong correlations and disorder or topology.
Using Bethe's hypothesis, C N Yang exactly solved the one-dimensional (1D) delta-function interacting spin-1/2 Fermi gas with an arbitrary spin-imbalance in 1967. At that time, using a different method, M Gaudin solved the problem of interacting fermions in a spin-balanced case. Later, the 1D delta-function interacting fermion problem was named as the Yang-Gaudin model. It has been in general agreed that a key discovery of C N Yang's work was the cubic matrix equation for the solvability conditions. % This equation was later independently found by R J Baxter for commuting transfer matrices of 2D exactly solvable vertex models. % The equation has since been referred to Yang-Baxter equation, being the master equation to integrability. % The Yang-Baxter equation has been used to solve a wide range of 1D many-body problems in physics, such as 1D Hubbard model, SU(N)SU(N)SU(N) Fermi gases, Kondo impurity problem and strongly correlated electronic systems etc. % In this paper, we will briefly discuss recent developments of the Yang-Gaudin model on several breakthroughs of many-body phenomena, ranging from the universal thermodynamics to the Luttigner liquid, the spin charge separation, the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO)-like pairing state and the quantum criticality. % These developments demonstrate that the Yang-Gaudin model has laid out a profound legacy of the Yang-Baxter equation.
Exactly solvable models have played a key role in our understanding of low-dimensional statistical systems and condensed matter physics. Underlying these models is the famous Yang-Baxter equation, and the authors present here a large class of new integrable quantum many-body models following a rational solution to this equation. Moreover, a duality symmetry connecting different integrable models is uncovered. This is illustrated using an interacting topological system, where the topological phase transition is related to the modular subgroup of the duality symmetry.