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arXiv:1510.05350 · Physical Review A

Quasiforbidden two-body Förster resonances in a cold Cs Rydberg gas

Bruno Pelle, Raffaele Faoro, Juliette Billy, E. Arimondo, P. Pillet, Patrick Cheinet

Published Feb 12, 2016• 12 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Cold Rydberg atoms are known to display dipole-dipole interaction-allowed resonances, also called F\"orster resonances, which lead to an efficient energy transfer when the proper electric field is used. This electric field also enables resonances, which do not respect the dipole-dipole selection rules under zero field. A few of these quasiforbidden resonances have been observed but they are often overlooked. Here we show that in cold $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ atoms there is a large number of these resonances that display a significant transfer efficiency due to their strong interactions, even at low electric field. We also develop a graphical method enabling us to find all possible resonances simultaneously. The resulting dramatic increase in the total number of addressable resonant energy transfers at different electric fields could have implications in the search for few-body interactions or macromolecules built from Rydberg atoms.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.93.023417

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Cold Rydberg atoms are known to display dipole-dipole interaction-allowed resonances, also called F"orster resonances, which lead to an efficient energy transfer when the proper electric field is used. This electric field also enables resonances, which do not respect the dipole-dipole selection rules under zero field. A few of these quasiforbidden resonances have been observed but they are often overlooked. Here we show that in cold 133Cs^{133}\mathrm{Cs}133Cs atoms there is a large number of these resonances that display a significant transfer efficiency due to their strong interactions, even at low electric field. We also develop a graphical method enabling us to find all possible resonances simultaneously. The resulting dramatic increase in the total number of addressable resonant energy transfers at different electric fields could have implications in the search for few-body interactions or macromolecules built from Rydberg atoms.
Long-range interactions between cold Rydberg atoms, which are used in many important applications, can be enhanced using F\"orster resonances between collective many-body states controlled by an external electric field. Here we report on the first experimental observation of highly resolved radio-frequency-assisted F\"orster resonances in a few cold Rb Rydberg atoms. We also observed radio-frequency-induced F\"orster resonances which cannot be tuned by a dc electric field. They imply an efficient transition from van der Waals to resonant dipole-dipole interaction due to Floquet sidebands of Rydberg levels appearing in the rf field. This method can be applied to enhance the interactions of almost arbitrary Rydberg atoms with large principal quantum numbers.
Abstract The resonant energy transfer between two close particles, also known as Förster resonance in atomic or biological systems, is usually associated with dipole–dipole interaction. In Rydberg atoms, it is a widely used tool to enhance the interactions between particles. Here, we observe a resonant energy transfer between Rydberg atoms that cannot be attributed to a dipole–dipole interaction, owing to selection rules, and comes instead from an efficient dipole–quadrupole process. We compare the measured probability transfer with a theoretical model including quadrupolar terms and find very good agreement with our measurement. Further studies of those multipolar resonances should probe their dependences on various parameters (quantum numbers, relative orientation of the atoms), and may find some applications in quantum procedures where dipole–dipole resonance cannot be used, for instance where the states of interest have a difference in angular momentum of two.
Cold Rydberg atoms subject to long-range dipole-dipole interactions represent a particularly interesting system for exploring few-body interactions and probing the transition from 2-body physics to the many-body regime. In this work we report the direct observation of a resonant 4-body Rydberg interaction. We exploit the occurrence of an accidental quasicoincidence of a 2-body and a 4-body resonant Stark-tuned Förster process in cesium to observe a resonant energy transfer requiring the simultaneous interaction of at least four neighboring atoms. These results are relevant for the implementation of quantum gates with Rydberg atoms and for further studies of many-body physics.
Controlling the interactions between ultracold atoms is crucial for quantum simulation and computation purposes. Highly excited Rydberg atoms are considered in this prospect for their strong and controllable interactions known in the dipole-dipole case to induce non-radiative energy transfers between atom pairs, similarly to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in biological systems. Here we predict few-body FRET processes in Rydberg atoms and observe the first three-body resonance energy transfer in cold Rydberg atoms using cold caesium atoms. In these resonances, additional relay atoms carry away an energy excess preventing the two-body resonance, leading thus to a Borromean type of energy transfer. These few-body processes present strong similarities with multistep FRET between chromophores sometimes called donor-bridge-acceptor or superexchange. Most importantly, they generalize to any Rydberg atom and could lead to new implementations of few-body quantum gates or entanglement.
We present calculations of potential curves for very high-nnn (89D)(89D)(89D) Cs Rydberg-atom pairs, including a background electric field. From these potentials, we show that energy transfer occurs at rates of $\ensuremath{\sim}30--70\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}$, background electric fields play an important role and dipole-dipole- and quadrupole-quadrupole-induced avoided curve crossings should lead to conversion of electronic to kinetic energy, nnn-changing collisions, and observable ultracold long-range Rydberg molecules.
We have observed recently the Stark-tuned three-body F\"orster resonances $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}n{P}_{3/2}(|M|)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n{S}_{1/2}+(n+1){S}_{1/2}+n{P}_{3/2}(|{M}^{*}|)$ at long-range interactions of a few cold Rb Rydberg atoms [D. B. Tretyakov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 173402 (2017)]. The three-body resonance appears at a different dc electric field with respect to the ordinary two-body resonance $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}n{P}_{3/2}(|M|)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n{S}_{1/2}+(n+1){S}_{1/2}$ and corresponds to a transition when the three interacting atoms change their states simultaneously (two atoms go to the SSS states, and the third atom remains in the PPP state but changes its moment projection), with the negligible contribution of the two-body resonance to the population transfer. It thus has a Borromean character and represents an effective three-body operator, which can be used to directly control the three-body interactions in quantum simulations and quantum gates implemented with Rydberg atoms. In this paper we theoretically investigate the coherence of such three-body resonances and we show that high-contrast Rabi-like population oscillations are possible for the localized Rydberg atoms in a certain spatial configuration. This paves the way to implementing three-qubit quantum gates and quantum simulations based on three-body Rydberg interactions.