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arXiv:1510.05180 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Stochastic feedback control of quantum transport to realize a dynamical ensemble of two nonorthogonal pure states

Shakib Daryanoosh, Howard M. Wiseman, Tobias Brandes

Published Feb 18, 2016• 10 citations
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Abstract

A Markovian open quantum system which relaxes to a unique steady state ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{ss}}$ of finite rank can be decomposed into a finite physically realizable ensemble (PRE) of pure states. That is, as shown by R. I. Karasik and H. M. Wiseman [Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 020406 (2011)], in principle there is a way to monitor the environment so that in the long-time limit the conditional state jumps between a finite number of possible pure states. In this paper we show how to apply this idea to the dynamics of a double quantum dot arising from the feedback control of quantum transport, as previously considered by C. P\"oltl, C. Emary, and T. Brandes [Phys. Rev. B 84, 085302 (2011)]. Specifically, we consider the limit where the system can be described as a qubit, and show that while the control scheme can always realize a two-state PRE, in the incoherent-tunneling regime there are infinitely many PREs compatible with the dynamics that cannot be so realized. For the two-state PREs that are realized, we calculate the counting statistics and see a clear distinction between the coherent and incoherent regimes.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.93.085127

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Publisher's Note: Stochastic feedback control of quantum transport to realize a dynamical ensemble of two nonorthogonal pure states [Phys. Rev. B93, 085127 (2016)]

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A Markovian open quantum system which relaxes to a unique steady state \ensuremathρss{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{ss}}\ensuremathρss​ of finite rank can be decomposed into a finite physically realizable ensemble (PRE) of pure states. That is, as shown by R. I. Karasik and H. M. Wiseman [Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 020406 (2011)], in principle there is a way to monitor the environment so that in the long-time limit the conditional state jumps between a finite number of possible pure states. In this paper we show how to apply this idea to the dynamics of a double quantum dot arising from the feedback control of quantum transport, as previously considered by C. P"oltl, C. Emary, and T. Brandes [Phys. Rev. B 84, 085302 (2011)]. Specifically, we consider the limit where the system can be described as a qubit, and show that while the control scheme can always realize a two-state PRE, in the incoherent-tunneling regime there are infinitely many PREs compatible with the dynamics that cannot be so realized. For the two-state PREs that are realized, we calculate the counting statistics and see a clear distinction between the coherent and incoherent regimes.
We propose a feedback control scheme for generating and stabilizing pure states of transport devices, such as charge qubits, under nonequilibrium conditions. The purification of the device state is conditioned on single electron jumps and leaves a clear signal in the full counting statistics which can be used to optimize control parameters. As an example of our control scheme, we are presenting the stabilization of pure transport states in a double-quantum-dot setup with the inclusion of phonon dephasing.
A controllable low noise current lies at the heart of high-precision measurements in quantum transport and metrology. While the previous research dealt with the suppression of noise in transport through a tunneling junction or a single quantum dot (QD) device, the present work investigates noise inhibition of a double quantum dot (DQD) transport system based on closed-loop feedback control. The unique advantage of a DQD device is that bidirectional transport at low bias can be measured by a nearby quantum point contact. However, the continuous monitoring of the DQD states inevitably leads to a measurement-induced dephasing. To appropriately characterize its transport properties in the presence of feedback action, we here develop a numerical method dubbed auxiliary density matrix approach, motivated by the hierarchical expansion of the moment-generating function in the hierarchy equations of motion [J. Cerrillo et al., Phys. Rev. B 94, 214308 (2016)]. This generic method has no restriction on the system structure and parameters and is able to evaluate the feedback current cumulants to an arbitrary order. It is revealed that the feedback control of the tunnel coupling between the two dots is the most effective to suppress the noise under various tunnel coupling configurations. The influence of interdot Coulomb interaction, measurement-induced dephasing, and finite time delay on feedback is also analyzed in detail.
Feedback control is expected to considerably protect quantum states against decoherence caused by interaction between the system and environment. Especially, Markovian feedback scheme developed by Wiseman can modify the properties of decoherence and eventually recover the purity of the steady state of the corresponding master equation. This paper provides a condition for which the modified master equation has a pure steady state. By applying this condition to a two-qubit system, we obtain a complete parametrization of the feedback Hamiltonian such that the steady state becomes a maximally entangled state.
Measurement and control of quantum systems play an important role in science and technology, from the foundations of quantum mechanics to practical applications. This thesis presents theoretical and experimental work that exploits quantum measurement and measurement-based feedback control to study some new problems in the contexts of solid state physics and optical quantum systems. In the first part, we consider the dynamics of open quantum systems conditioned on continuous measurements. We revisit the fact that dynamical quantum events are detector dependent by framing the problem as a quantum correlation test of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering type. In this regards, a no-go theorem for quantum diusion is derived. In order to study a realistic experimental situation we scrutinise dierent physical systems, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering inequalities and measurement protocol. We show that the no-go result for quantum diusion is not universal and does not apply to quantum jumps by devising a novel adaptive measurement scheme. Since the objectiveness of pure-state dynamical models is ruled out by quantum entanglement, then it is reasonable to say that quantum jumps are more quantum than quantum diusion. In the rst part we also study a stochastic feedback control of quantum transport. We show that using a feedback control strategy it is possible to restrict the dynamics of a double quantum dot system to a non-orthogonal two-state ensemble. The feedback control approach can be less experimentally challenging than an adaptive measurement scheme, as the latter requires implementing local oscillators, which might be dicult to realise in mesoscopic physics.
We compare two different approaches to the control of the dynamics of a continuously monitored open quantum system. The first is Markovian feedback, as introduced in quantum optics by Wiseman and Milburn [Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 548 (1993)]. The second is feedback based on an estimate of the system state, developed recently by Doherty and Jacobs [Phys. Rev. A 60, 2700 (1999)]. Here we choose to call it, for brevity, Bayesian feedback. For systems with nonlinear dynamics, we expect these two methods of feedback control to give markedly different results. The simplest possible nonlinear system is a driven and damped two-level atom, so we choose this as our model system. The monitoring is taken to be homodyne detection of the atomic fluorescence, and the control is by modulating the driving. The aim of the feedback in both cases is to stabilize the internal state of the atom as close as possible to an arbitrarily chosen pure state, in the presence of inefficient detection and other forms of decoherence. Our results (obtained without recourse to stochastic simulations) prove that Bayesian feedback is never inferior, and is usually superior, to Markovian feedback. However, it would be far more difficult to implement than Markovian feedback and it loses its superiority when obvious simplifying approximations are made. It is thus not clear which form of feedback would be better in the face of inevitable experimental imperfections.