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arXiv:1510.01465 · New Journal of Physics

Stability and dispersion relations of three-dimensional solitary waves in trapped Bose–Einstein condensates

Antonio Muñoz Mateo, J Brand

Published Dec 18, 2015• 27 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We analyse the dynamical properties of three-dimensional solitary waves in cylindrically trapped Bose–Einstein condensates. Families of solitary waves bifurcate from the planar dark soliton and include the solitonic vortex, the vortex ring and more complex structures of intersecting vortex lines known collectively as Chladni solitons. The particle-like dynamics of these guided solitary waves provides potentially profitable features for their implementation in atomtronic circuits, and play a key role in the generation of metastable loop currents. Based on the time-dependent Gross–Pitaevskii equation we calculate the dispersion relations of moving solitary waves and their modes of dynamical instability. The dispersion relations reveal a complex crossing and bifurcation scenario. For stationary structures we find that for the solitonic vortex is the only stable solitary wave. More complex Chladni solitons still have weaker instabilities than planar dark solitons and may be seen as transient structures in experiments. Fully time-dependent simulations illustrate typical decay scenarios, which may result in the generation of multiple separated solitonic vortices.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/17/12/125013

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We analyse the dynamical properties of three-dimensional solitary waves in cylindrically trapped Bose–Einstein condensates. Families of solitary waves bifurcate from the planar dark soliton and include the solitonic vortex, the vortex ring and more complex structures of intersecting vortex lines known collectively as Chladni solitons. The particle-like dynamics of these guided solitary waves provides potentially profitable features for their implementation in atomtronic circuits, and play a key role in the generation of metastable loop currents. Based on the time-dependent Gross–Pitaevskii equation we calculate the dispersion relations of moving solitary waves and their modes of dynamical instability. The dispersion relations reveal a complex crossing and bifurcation scenario. For stationary structures we find that for the solitonic vortex is the only stable solitary wave. More complex Chladni solitons still have weaker instabilities than planar dark solitons and may be seen as transient structures in experiments. Fully time-dependent simulations illustrate typical decay scenarios, which may result in the generation of multiple separated solitonic vortices.
Quasi-one-dimensional solitons that may occur in an elongated Bose-Einstein condensate become unstable at high particle density. We study two basic modes of instability and the corresponding bifurcations to genuinely three-dimensional solitary waves such as axisymmetric vortex rings and nonaxisymmetric solitonic vortices. We calculate the profiles of the above structures and examine their dependence on the velocity of propagation along a cylindrical trap. At sufficiently high velocity, both the vortex ring and the solitonic vortex transform into an axisymmetric soliton. We also calculate the energy-momentum dispersions and show that a Lieb-type mode appears in the excitation spectrum for all particle densities.
Here we revisit the topic of stationary and propagating solitonic excitations in self-repulsive three-dimensional (3D) Bose-Einstein condensates by quantitatively comparing theoretical analysis and associated numerical computations with our experimental results. Motivated by numerous experimental efforts, including our own herein, we use fully 3D numerical simulations to explore the existence, stability, and evolution dynamics of planar dark solitons. This also allows us to examine their instability-induced decay products including solitonic vortices and vortex rings. In the trapped case and with no adjustable parameters, our numerical findings are in correspondence with experimentally observed coherent structures. Without a longitudinal trap, we identify numerically exact traveling solutions and quantify how their transverse destabilization threshold changes as a function of the solitary wave speed.
Complex solitary waves composed of intersecting vortex lines are predicted in a channeled superfluid. Their shapes in a cylindrical trap include a cross, spoke wheels, and Greek Φ, and trace the nodal lines of unstable vibration modes of a planar dark soliton in analogy to Chladni's figures of membrane vibrations. The stationary solitary waves extend a family of solutions that include the previously known solitonic vortex and vortex rings. Their bifurcation points from the dark soliton indicating the onset of new unstable modes of the snaking instability are predicted from scale separation for Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and superfluid Fermi gases across the BEC-BCS crossover, and confirmed by full numerical calculations. Chladni solitons could be observed in ultracold gas experiments by seeded decay of dark solitons.
In this work we present a systematic study of the three-dimensional extension of the ring dark soliton, examining its existence, stability, and dynamics in isotropic harmonically trapped Bose-Einstein condensates. Detuning the chemical potential from the linear limit, the ring dark soliton becomes unstable immediately but can be fully stabilized by an external cylindrical potential. The ring has a large number of unstable modes which are analyzed through spectral stability analysis. Furthermore, a few typical destabilization dynamical scenarios are revealed with a number of interesting vortical structures emerging, such as the two or four coaxial parallel vortex rings. In the process of considering the stability of the structure, we also develop a modified version of the degenerate perturbation theory method for characterizing the spectra of the coherent structure. This semianalytical method can be reliably applied to any soliton with a linear limit to explore its spectral properties near this limit. The good agreement of the resulting spectrum is illustrated via a comparison with the full numerical Bogolyubov--de Gennes spectrum. The application of the method to the two-component ring dark-bright soliton is also discussed.
We report on the existence and stability of multidimensional bound solitonic states in harmonically trapped scalar Bose-Einstein condensates. Their equilibrium separation, as a measure of the strength of the soliton-soliton or the solitonic vortex-vortex interaction, is provided for varying chemical potential $\ensuremath{\mu}$. Static bound dark solitons are shown to be dynamically stable in elongated condensates within a range of intermediate (repulsive) interparticle-interaction strength. Beyond this range the snaking instability manifests during the time evolution of the planar solitons and produces the decay into nonstationary vortex states. A subsequent dynamical recurrence of solitons and vortices can be observed at low $\ensuremath{\mu}$. At equilibrium, the bifurcations of bound dark solitons are bound solitonic vortices. Among them, both two-open and two-ring vortex lines are demonstrated to exist with both counter- and co-rotating steady velocity fields. The latter flow configurations evolve, for high chemical potential, into a stationary three-dimensional (3D)-chain-shaped vortex and a three vortex-antivortex-vortex ring sequence that arrest the otherwise increasing angular or linear momentum respectively. As a feature common to the bifurcated families of vortex states, their excitation spectra present unstable modes with associated oscillatory dynamics. In spite of this, the family of two-open counter-rotating vortices support dynamically stable 3D states.
In the present work, we investigate how single- and multi-vortex-ring states can emerge from a planar dark soliton in three-dimensional (3D) Bose-Einstein condensates (confined in isotropic or anisotropic traps) through bifurcations. We characterize such bifurcations quantitatively using a Galerkin-type approach and find good qualitative and quantitative agreement with our Bogoliubov--de Gennes (BdG) analysis. We also systematically characterize the BdG spectrum of the dark solitons, using perturbation theory, and obtain a quantitative match with our 3D BdG numerical calculations. We then turn our attention to the emergence of single- and multi-vortex-ring states. We systematically capture these as stationary states of the system and quantify their BdG spectra numerically. We find that although the vortex ring may be unstable when bifurcating, its instabilities weaken and may even eventually disappear for sufficiently large chemical potentials and suitable trap settings. For instance, we demonstrate the stability of the vortex ring for an isotropic trap in the large-chemical-potential regime.