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arXiv:1509.03060 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Connection formulas for thermal density functional theory

Aurora Pribram−Jones, Kieron Burke

Published May 23, 2016• 25 citations
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Abstract

The adiabatic connection formula of ground-state density functional theory relates the correlation energy to a coupling-constant integral over a purely potential contribution, and is widely used to understand and improve approximations. The corresponding formula for thermal density functional theory is cast as an integral over temperatures instead, ranging upward from the system's physical temperature. We also show how to relate different correlation components to each other, either in terms of temperature or coupling-constant integrations. We illustrate our results on the uniform electron gas.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.93.205140

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The adiabatic connection formula of ground-state density functional theory relates the correlation energy to a coupling-constant integral over a purely potential contribution, and is widely used to understand and improve approximations. The corresponding formula for thermal density functional theory is cast as an integral over temperatures instead, ranging upward from the system's physical temperature. We also show how to relate different correlation components to each other, either in terms of temperature or coupling-constant integrations. We illustrate our results on the uniform electron gas.
Universal exact conditions guided the construction of most ground-state density functional approximations in use today. We derive the relation between the entropy and Mermin free energy density functionals for thermal density functional theory. Both the entropy and sum of kinetic and electron-electron repulsion functionals are shown to be monotonically increasing with temperature, while the Mermin functional is concave downwards. Analogous relations are found for both exchange and correlation. The importance of these conditions is illustrated in two extremes: the Hubbard dimer and the uniform gas.
Thermal density functional theory calculations often use the Mermin-Kohn-Sham scheme, but employ ground-state approximations to the exchange-correlation (XC) free energy. In the simplest solvable nontrivial model, an asymmetric Hubbard dimer, we calculate the exact many-body energies and the exact Mermin-Kohn-Sham functionals for this system and extract the exact XC free energy. For moderate temperatures and weak correlation, we find this approximation to be excellent. We extract various exact free-energy correlation components and the exact adiabatic connection formula.
Two interacting electrons that are confined to the surface of a sphere have a uniform ground-state (surface) density. The Schr\"odinger equation of this helium-type two-electron system is solved here accurately for different values $\ensuremath{\alpha}∊\mathbb{R}$ of a constant that is multiplied to the electron-electron repulsion ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{V}}_{\mathit{ee}}$. The correlation structure in the resulting wave functions is analyzed for different values of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. The asymptotic limits $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\infty}$ are treated analytically. Using these results, the ISI (interaction-strength interpolation) model for the density-functional ${E}_{\mathit{xc}}[\ensuremath{\rho}]$ of the exchange-correlation energy in the real system with $\ensuremath{\alpha}=1$ is tested against the exact adiabatic connection in density-functional theory.
The connection between the adiabatic excitation energy of time-dependent density functional theory and the ground state correlation energy from the adiabatic connection fluctuation-dissipation theorem (ACFDT) is explored in the limiting case of one excited state. An exact expression is derived for any adiabatic Hartree-exchange-correlation kernel that connects the excitation energy and the potential contribution to correlation. The resulting formula is applied to the asymmetric Hubbard dimer, a system where this limit is exact. Results from a hierarchy of approximations to the kernel, including the random phase approximation (RPA) with and without exchange and the adiabatically exact (AE) approximation, are compared to the exact ones. At full coupling, the numerical results indicate a tension between predicting an accurate excitation energy and an accurate potential contribution to correlation. The AE approximation is capable of making accurate predictions of both quantities, but only in parts of the parameter space that classify as weakly correlated, while RPA tends to be unable to accurately predict these properties simultaneously anywhere. For a strongly correlated dimer, the AE approximation greatly overestimates the excitation energy yet continues to yield an accurate ground state correlation energy due to its accurate prediction of the adiabatic connection integrand. If similar trends hold for real systems, the development of correlation kernels will be important for applications of the ACFDT in systems with large potential contributions to correlation.
Over the years, several schemes have been proposed to describe multireference systems with Kohn-Sham Density Functional Theory. Problematic is the combination of two aspects: the Kohn-Sham reference wavefunction is usually taken to be a single Slater determinant, and approximate exchange-correlation functionals are typically derived form the local density approximation. In this work, we develop a theoretical framework that foregoes the single Slater determinant and instead employs thermal states as reference states for zero-temperature interacting systems. We provide convenient definitions of static and dynamic correlation functionals via an adiabatic connection approach. The formalism and computational results indicate that the entropic term of the thermal reference state is a good approximation to the static correlation functional. Hence, this work validates several reported results in the literature and motivates additional developments of static correlation density functionals.