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arXiv:1508.05482 · Laser Physics

Statics and dynamics of quasi one-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate in harmonic and dimple trap

Javed Akram, Axel Pelster

Published May 6, 2016• 19 citations
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Abstract

Abstract We investigate a quasi one-dimensional 87 R b Bose–Einstein condensate in a harmonic trap with an additional dimple trap (dT) in the center. Within a zero-temperature Gross–Pitaevskii mean-field description we provide a one-dimensional physical intuitive model, which we solve by both a time-independent variational approach and numerical calculations. With this we obtain at first equilibrium results for the emerging condensate wave function which reveal that a dimple trap potential induces a bump or a dip in case of a red- or a blue-detuned Gaussian laser beam, respectively. Afterwards, we investigate how this dT induced bump/dip-imprint upon the condensate wave function evolves for two quench scenarios. At first we consider the generic case that the harmonic confinement is released. During the resulting time-of-flight expansion it turns out that the dT induced bump in the condensate wave function remains present, whereas the dip starts decaying after a characteristic time scale which decreases with increasing blue-detuned dT depth. Secondly, once the red- or blue-detuned dT is switched off, we find that bright shock-waves or gray/dark bi-soliton trains emerge which oscillate within the harmonic confinement with a characteristic frequency.

DOI
10.1088/1054-660x/26/6/065501

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•Dec 31, 2003•0 citations
Abstract We investigate a quasi one-dimensional 87 R b Bose–Einstein condensate in a harmonic trap with an additional dimple trap (dT) in the center. Within a zero-temperature Gross–Pitaevskii mean-field description we provide a one-dimensional physical intuitive model, which we solve by both a time-independent variational approach and numerical calculations. With this we obtain at first equilibrium results for the emerging condensate wave function which reveal that a dimple trap potential induces a bump or a dip in case of a red- or a blue-detuned Gaussian laser beam, respectively. Afterwards, we investigate how this dT induced bump/dip-imprint upon the condensate wave function evolves for two quench scenarios. At first we consider the generic case that the harmonic confinement is released. During the resulting time-of-flight expansion it turns out that the dT induced bump in the condensate wave function remains present, whereas the dip starts decaying after a characteristic time scale which decreases with increasing blue-detuned dT depth. Secondly, once the red- or blue-detuned dT is switched off, we find that bright shock-waves or gray/dark bi-soliton trains emerge which oscillate within the harmonic confinement with a characteristic frequency.
We explore theoretically how to tune the dynamics of a quasi-one-dimensional harmonically trapped Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) due to an additional red- and blue-detuned Hermite-Gaussian dimple trap (HGdT). To this end we study a BEC in a highly nonequilibrium state, which is not possible in a traditional harmonically confined trap. Our system is modeled by a time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation, which is numerically solved by the Crank-Nicolson method in both imaginary and real time. For equilibrium, we obtain a condensate with two bumps or dips which are induced by the chosen TEM01{\mathrm{TEM}}_{01}TEM01​ mode for the red- or blue-detuned HGdT, respectively. Afterward, in time-of-flight dynamics, we examine the adherence or decay of the two bumps or dips in the condensate, which are induced by the still present red- or blue-detuned HGdT, respectively. On the other hand, once the red or blue HGdT potential is switched off, shock waves or bi-trains of gray or dark pair-solitons are created. During this process it is found that the generation of gray or dark pair-soliton bi-trains are generic phenomena of collisions of moderately or fully fragmented BEC. Additionally, it turns out that the special shape of generated solitons in the harmonically trapped BEC firmly depends upon the geometry of the HGdT.
Abstract We investigate the properties of a distinguishable single excited state impurity pinned in the center of a trapped Bose–Einstein condensate in a one-dimensional harmonic trapping potential by changing the bare mass of the impurity and its interspecies interaction strength with the Bose–Einstein condensate. We model our system by using two coupled differential equations for the condensate and the single excited-impurity wave function, which we solve numerically. For equilibrium, we find that an excited-impurity induces two bumps or dips on the condensate for the attractive- or repulsive-interspecies coupling strengths, respectively. Afterwards, we show that the excited-impurity induced imprint upon the condensate wave function remains present during a time-of-flight expansion after having switched off the harmonic confinement. We also investigate shock-waves or gray-solitons by switching off the interspecies coupling strength in the presence of harmonic trapping potential. During this process, we found that the generation of gray bi-soliton or gray quad-solitons (four-solitons) depend on the bare mass of the excited-impurity in a harmonic trap.
The emergence of a Bose-glass region in a quasi one-dimensional Bose–Einstein-condensed gas in a harmonic trapping potential with an additional delta-correlated disorder potential at zero temperature is studied using three approaches. At first, the corresponding time-independent Gross–Pitaevskii equation is numerically solved for the condensate wave function, and disorder ensemble averages are evaluated. In particular, we analyse quantitatively the emergence of mini-condensates in the local minima of the random potential, which occurs for weak disorder preferentially at the border of the condensate, while for intermediate disorder strength this happens in the trap centre. Second, in view of a more detailed physical understanding of this phenomenon, we extend a quite recent non-perturbative approach towards the weakly interacting dirty boson problem, which relies on the Hartree–Fock theory and is worked out on the basis of the replica method, from the homogeneous case to a harmonic confinement. Finally, in the weak disorder regime we also apply the Thomas–Fermi approximation, while in the intermediate disorder regime we additionally use a variational ansatz in order to describe analytically the numerically observed redistribution of the fragmented mini-condensates with increasing disorder strength.
Motivated by recent experiments, we investigate a single 133Cs{}^{133}\text{Cs}133Cs impurity in the center of a trapped 87Rb{}^{87}\text{Rb}87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Within a zero-temperature mean-field description we provide a one-dimensional physical intuitive model which involves two coupled differential equations for the condensate and the impurity wave function, which we solve numerically. With this we determine within the equilibrium phase diagram spanned by the intra- and interspecies coupling strength whether the impurity is localized at the trap center or expelled to the condensate border. In the former case we find that the impurity induces a bump or dip on the condensate for an attractive or a repulsive Rb-Cs interaction strength, respectively. Conversely, the condensate environment leads to an effective mass of the impurity which increases quadratically for small interspecies interaction strength. Afterwards, we investigate how the impurity imprint upon the condensate wave function evolves for two quench scenarios. At first we consider the case that the harmonic confinement is released. During the resulting time-of-flight expansion it turns out that the impurity-induced bump in the condensate wave function starts decaying marginally, whereas the dip decays with a characteristic time scale which decreases with increasing repulsive impurity-BEC interaction strength. Second, once the attractive or repulsive interspecies coupling constant is switched off, we find that white-shock waves or bisolitons emerge which both oscillate within the harmonic confinement with a characteristic frequency.
Abstract We study both static and dynamic properties of a weakly interacting Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) in a quasi one-dimensional gravito-optical surface trap, where the downward pull of gravity is compensated by the exponentially decaying potential of an evanescent wave. First, we work out approximate solutions of the Gross–Pitaevskii equation for both a small number of atoms using a Gaussian ansatz and a larger number of atoms using the Thomas–Fermi limit. Then we confirm the accuracy of these analytical solutions by comparing them to numerical results. From there, we numerically analyze how the BEC cloud expands non-ballistically, when the confining evanescent laser beam is shut off, showing agreement between our theoretical and previous experimental results. Furthermore, we analyze how the BEC cloud expands non-ballistically due to gravity after switching off the evanescent laser field in the presence of a hard-wall mirror which we model by using a blue-detuned far-off-resonant sheet of light. There we find that the BEC shows significant self-interference patterns for a large number of atoms, whereas for a small number of atoms, a revival of the BEC wave packet with few matter-wave interference patterns is observed.
Longitudinal confinement of dark solitons in quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates leads to sound emission and reabsorption. We perform quantitative studies of the dynamics of a soliton oscillating in a tight dimple trap, embedded in a weaker harmonic trap. The dimple depth provides a sensitive handle to control the soliton-sound interaction. In the limit of no reabsorption, the power radiated is found to be proportional to the soliton acceleration squared. An experiment is proposed to detect sound emission as a change in amplitude and frequency of soliton oscillations.