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arXiv:1507.01766

Simple experiment to test a hypothetical transient deviation from Quantum Mechanics

Alejandro Andrés Hnilo, Mónica Agüero

Published Jul 7, 2015• 2 citations
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Abstract

Quantum Mechanics (QM) predicts the correlation between measurements performed in remote regions of a spatially spread entangled state to be higher than allowed by the intuitive concepts of Locality and Realism (LR). This high correlation forbids the introduction of nonlinear operators of evolution in QM (which would be desirable for several reasons), for it would lead to faster-than-light signaling. As a way out of this situation, it has been hypothesized that the high quantum correlation can be observed only after a time longer than L/c has elapsed (where L is the spatial spread of the entangled state and c is the speed of light). In shorter times, a level of correlation compatible with LR would be observed instead. A simple model following this hypothesis is described. It has not been disproved by any of the performed experiments to date. A test achievable with accessible means is proposed. The data recorded in a similar but incomplete experiment (which was done in 2012 with a different purpose, and repeated in 2018 producing essentially the same results) are analyzed, and are found consistent with the described model. Yet, we stress that a specific experiment is absolutely needed.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1507.01766

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Quantum Mechanics (QM) predicts the correlation between measurements performed in remote regions of a spatially spread entangled state to be higher than allowed by the intuitive concepts of Locality and Realism (LR). This high correlation forbids the introduction of nonlinear operators of evolution in QM (which would be desirable for several reasons), for it would lead to faster-than-light signaling. As a way out of this situation, it has been hypothesized that the high quantum correlation can be observed only after a time longer than L/c has elapsed (where L is the spatial spread of the entangled state and c is the speed of light). In shorter times, a level of correlation compatible with LR would be observed instead. A simple model following this hypothesis is described. It has not been disproved by any of the performed experiments to date. A test achievable with accessible means is proposed. The data recorded in a similar but incomplete experiment (which was done in 2012 with a different purpose, and repeated in 2018 producing essentially the same results) are analyzed, and are found consistent with the described model. Yet, we stress that a specific experiment is absolutely needed.
The conflict between quantum mechanics (QM) and the intuitive concepts of locality and realism is most noticeable in the correlation between measurements performed in remote regions of a spatially spread entangled state of photons. It has been hypothesized that a transient deviation (from the value predicted by QM) may occur if the correlation is measured in a time shorter than L / c , where L is the spatial spread of the entangled state, and c is the speed of light. This hypothesis solves the conflict by minimally modifying the interpretation of QM, and opens the door to interesting possibilities. Technical reasons make the hypothesis impossible to test directly nowadays, but a stroboscopic observation is attainable. We present preliminary, nonconclusive results of an experiment in progress aimed to perform that test.
Quantum mechanics predicts correlations between measurements performed in distant regions of a spatially spread entangled state to be higher than allowed by intuitive concepts of Locality and Realism. These high correlations forbid the use of nonlinear operators of evolution (which would be desirable for several reasons), for they may allow faster-than-light signaling. As a way out of this situation, it has been hypothesized that the high quantum correlations develop only after a time longer than L/c has elapsed (where L is the spread of the entangled state and c is the velocity of light). In shorter times, correlations compatible with Locality and Realism would be observed instead. A simple hidden variables model following this hypothesis is described. It is based on a modified Wheeler–Feynman theory of radiation. This hypothesis has not been disproved by any of the experiments performed to date. A test achievable with accessible means is proposed and described. It involves a pulsed source of entangled states and stroboscopic record of particle detection during the pulses. Data recorded in similar but incomplete optical experiments are analyzed, and found consistent with the proposed model. However, it is not claimed, in any sense, that the hypothesis has been validated. On the contrary, it is stressed that a complete, specific test is absolutely needed.
The conflict between Quantum Mechanics (QM) and the intuitive concepts of Locality and Realism (LR) is manifest in the correlation between measurements performed in remote regions of a spatially spread entangled state. In this paper, it is hypothesized that transient deviations (from the values predicted by QM) occur if the correlation is measured in a time shorter than L/c, where L is the spatial spread of the entangled state and c is the speed of light. In this way, the conflict is solved by changing QM minimally. Under general assumptions, it is obtained a mathematical model of the process that reproduces the QM value after a time longer than L/c has elapsed. One of the predictions of this model is that oscillations of the rate of coincidences should exist, with a main frequency lower than c/4L. An experiment able to reveal these oscillations is shown to be accessible, by placing stations at about 5 Km and reaching a coincidence rate about 3E5 1/s (a value already obtained at the laboratory scale). This means a test of QM vs LR of a completely new type, with several practical and theoretical advantages.
The conflict between Quantum Mechanics (QM) and Local Realism is most noticeable in the correlations observed between distant regions of a spatially spread entangled state. It has been hypothesized that transient deviations (from the values predicted by QM) may be observed if the correlations are measured in a time shorter than L/c, where L is the spatial spread of the entangled state and c is the speed of light. This hypothesis is appealing for it solves that conflict by minimally modifying the interpretation of QM, and opens the door to potentially fruitful nonlinear generalizations of QM without the risk of allowing faster-than-light signaling. The hypothesis is technically impossible to test directly nowadays, but a stroboscopic test is attainable. We present the results of such a test performed on a specially designed optical Bell setup with a distance between stations up to 24 m in straight line. No difference with the same observations performed at short distance, or evidence of transient deviations, is found. Yet, several hypotheses are involved in this experiment; they are detailed and briefly discussed. To say the least, the space left for the hypothesis of transient deviations is much reduced.
One of the conflicts between Quantum Mechanics (QM) and classical physics is visible in the high correlation predicted by QM to exist between observations performed on remote regions of a spatially spread entangled state. It has been hypothesized that this correlation needs a time longer than L/c to build up, where L is the spatial spread of the entangled state and c is the speed of light. In shorter times, the level of correlation would be compatible with classical physics. This hypothesis is appealing, among other reasons, for it solves that conflict by minimally modifying the interpretation of QM. The hypothesis is difficult to test directly because the observable difference would vanish fast, but a stroboscopic observation is at hand. We present the results of such observation, performed on a specially designed optical Bell setup with a distance between stations up to L = 24 m in straight line. This completes the preliminary results for short L we recently reported in this Journal. No evidence of deviations from QM predictions is found. Yet, some additional assumptions are involved; they are detailed and discussed. If fair sampling is valid, then the hypothesis of transient deviations is refuted unless the stroboscopic approach with decay time shorter than 1.5 μs (≈ 19 L/c) is false.
Bell's theorem, and inequalities that stem from it, address the conflict between the explanation of key experimental observations by quantum mechanics (QM) and by models expressing Locally Realistic (LR) properties, regardless of their inclusion or exclusion of hidden variables. To demonstrate the conflict between experimental results described by QM and LR models, a physical realization of the quantum state must be chosen. Entangled photons or electrons provide the most viable choices. In this work we consider a simplified version of a Bell inequality (BI) that focuses entirely on the physical state properties of photons in order to demonstrate the difference between QM and LR correlations. While the experiment we propose is in principle similar in intent to prior Bell inequality experiments, our version requires fewer measurements, and is more advantageous in its conceptual clarity.