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arXiv:1507.00038 · Physical Review E

Symmetry-respecting real-space renormalization for the quantum Ashkin-Teller model

Aroon O’Brien, Stephen D. Bartlett, Andrew C. Doherty, Steven T. Flammia

Published Oct 29, 2015• 15 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We use a simple real-space renormalization-group approach to investigate the critical behavior of the quantum Ashkin-Teller model, a one-dimensional quantum spin chain possessing a line of criticality along which critical exponents vary continuously. This approach, which is based on exploiting the on-site symmetry of the model, has been shown to be surprisingly accurate for predicting some aspects of the critical behavior of the quantum transverse-field Ising model. Our investigation explores this approach in more generality, in a model in which the critical behavior has a richer structure but which reduces to the simpler Ising case at a special point. We demonstrate that the correlation length critical exponent as predicted from this real-space renormalization-group approach is in broad agreement with the corresponding results from conformal field theory along the line of criticality. Near the Ising special point, the error in the estimated critical exponent from this simple method is comparable to that of numerically intensive simulations based on much more sophisticated methods, although the accuracy decreases away from the decoupled Ising model point.

DOI
10.1103/physreve.92.042163

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We use a simple real-space renormalization-group approach to investigate the critical behavior of the quantum Ashkin-Teller model, a one-dimensional quantum spin chain possessing a line of criticality along which critical exponents vary continuously. This approach, which is based on exploiting the on-site symmetry of the model, has been shown to be surprisingly accurate for predicting some aspects of the critical behavior of the quantum transverse-field Ising model. Our investigation explores this approach in more generality, in a model in which the critical behavior has a richer structure but which reduces to the simpler Ising case at a special point. We demonstrate that the correlation length critical exponent as predicted from this real-space renormalization-group approach is in broad agreement with the corresponding results from conformal field theory along the line of criticality. Near the Ising special point, the error in the estimated critical exponent from this simple method is comparable to that of numerically intensive simulations based on much more sophisticated methods, although the accuracy decreases away from the decoupled Ising model point.
We develop a novel real-space renormalization group (RG) scheme which accurately estimates correlation length exponent ννν near criticality of higher-dimensional quantum Ising and Potts models in a transverse field. Our method is remarkably simple (often analytical), grouping only a few spins into a block spin so that renormalized Hamiltonian has a closed form. A previous difficulty of spatial anisotropy and unwanted terms is avoided by incorporating rotational invariance and internal Zq\mathbb{Z}_qZq​ symmetries of the Hamiltonian. By applying this scheme to the (2+1)-dim Ising model on a triangular lattice and solving an analytical RG equation, we obtain ν≈0.6300ν\approx 0.6300ν≈0.6300. This value is within statistical errors of the current best Monte-Carlo result, 25th-order high-temperature series expansions, ϕ4ϕ^4ϕ4-theory estimation which considers up to seven-loop corrections and experiments performed in low-Earth orbits. We also apply the scheme to higher-dimensional Potts models for which ordinary Monte-Carlo methods are not effective due to strong hysteresis and suppression of quantum fluctuation in a weak first-order phase transition.
We use the multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz (MERA) to numerically investigate three critical quantum spin chains with ${Z}_{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{Z}_{2}$ on-site symmetry: a staggered XXZ model, a transverse field cluster model, and the quantum Ashkin-Teller model. All three models possess a continuous one-parameter family of critical points. Along this critical line, the thermodynamic limit of these models is expected to be described by classes of c=1c=1c=1 conformal field theories (CFTs) of two possible types: the S1{S}^{1}S1 free boson and its Z2{Z}_{2}Z2​ orbifold. Our numerics using MERA with explicitly enforced ${Z}_{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{Z}_{2}$ symmetry allow us to extract conformal data for each model, with strong evidence supporting the identification of the staggered XXZ model and critical transverse field cluster model with the S1{S}^{1}S1 boson CFT, and the Ashkin-Teller model with the Z2{Z}_{2}Z2​-orbifold boson CFT. Our first two models describe the phase transitions between symmetry-protected topologically ordered phases and trivial phases, which lie outside the usual Landau-Ginsburg-Wilson paradigm of symmetry breaking. Our results show that a range of critical theories can arise at the boundary of a single symmetry protected phase.
The two- and three-dimensional transverse-field Ising models with ferromagnetic exchange interactions are analyzed by means of the real-space renormalization-group method. The basic strategy is a generalization of a method developed for the one-dimensional case, which exploits the exact invariance of the model under renormalization and is known to give the exact values of the critical point and critical exponent ν. The resulting values of the critical exponent ν in two and three dimensions are in good agreement with those for the classical Ising model in three and four dimensions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example in which a real-space renormalization group on (2+1)- and (3+1)-dimensional Bravais lattices yields accurate estimates of the critical exponents.
We investigate the boundary critical phenomena of the one-dimensional quantum Ashkin-Teller model using boundary conformal field theory and density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) simulations. Based on the Z2\mathbb{Z}_2Z2​-orbifold of the c=1c=1c=1 compactified boson boundary conformal field theory, we construct microscopic lattice boundary terms that renormalize to the stable conformal boundary conditions, utilizing simple current extensions and the underlying SU(2)\mathrm{SU}(2)SU(2) symmetry to explicitly characterize the four-state Potts point. We validate these theoretical identifications via finite-size spectroscopy of the lattice energy spectra, confirming their consistency with D4D_4D4​ symmetry and Kramers-Wannier duality. Finally, we discuss the boundary renormalization group flows among these identified fixed points to propose a global phase diagram for the boundary criticality.
We study the line of continuously varying critical exponents found recently in the one-dimensional quantum Ashkin-Teller model using the conformal field theory. On this line, the exponents of the energy density, the polarization, and the magnetization operators are numerically determined by the finite-size scaling method in the conformal field theory. We find that the magnetic exponent is associated with the primary field (1/16, 1) / 16 ), which exists in the coupling constant independent sector of the partition function. Within the existing theory, the numerical results are consistent with the identification of this line with the orbifold line in the Gaussian universality class with the thermal exponent 1\ensuremath{\le}xT{\mathit{x}}_{\mathit{T}}xT​\ensuremath{\le}2.
The quantum critical behavior and the Griffiths-McCoy singularities of random quantum Ising ferromagnets are studied by applying a numerical implementation of the Ma-Dasgupta-Hu renormalization group scheme. We check the procedure for the analytically tractable one-dimensional case and apply our code to the quasi-one-dimensional double chain. For the latter we obtain identical critical exponents as for the simple chain implying the same universality class. Then we apply the method to the two-dimensional case for which we get estimates for the exponents that are compatible with a recent study in the same spirit.