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arXiv:1506.06105 · Physical Review A

Observation of the 5p3/2→6p3/2 electric-dipole-forbidden transition in atomic rubidium using optical-optical double-resonance spectroscopy

F. Ponciano-Ojeda, Santiago Hernández-Gómez, O López-Hernández, Cristian Mojica-Casique, Ricardo Colín‐Rodríguez, F. Ramírez-Martínez, J. Flores-Mijangos, Daniel Sahagún, Rocío Jáuregui, J. Jiménez-Mier

Published Oct 20, 2015• 18 citations
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Abstract

Direct evidence of excitation of the $5{p}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6{p}_{3/2}$ electric-dipole-forbidden transition in atomic rubidium is presented. The experiments were performed in a room-temperature rubidium cell with continuous-wave external cavity diode lasers. Optical-optical double-resonance spectroscopy with counterpropagating beams allows the detection of the nondipole transition free of Doppler broadening. The $5{p}_{3/2}$ state is prepared by excitation with a laser locked to the maximum $F$ cyclic transition of the ${D}_{2}$ line, and the forbidden transition is produced by excitation with a 911 nm laser. Production of the forbidden transition is monitored by detection of the 420 nm fluorescence that results from decay of the $6{p}_{3/2}$ state. Spectra with three narrow lines ($\ensuremath{\approx}13$ MHz FWHM) with the characteristic $F\ensuremath{-}1, F$, and $F+1$ splitting of the $6{p}_{3/2}$ hyperfine structure in both rubidium isotopes were obtained. The results are in very good agreement with a direct calculation that takes into account the $5s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5{p}_{3/2}$ preparation dynamics, the $5{p}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6{p}_{3/2}$ nondipole excitation geometry, and the $6{p}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5{s}_{1/2}$ decay. The comparison also shows that the electric-dipole-forbidden transition is a very sensitive probe of the preparation dynamics.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.92.042511

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Abstract We present the first evidence of excitation of the 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 1 / 2 electric dipole-forbidden transition in atomic rubidium. The experiments were done in a rubidium vapor cell using Doppler-free optical–optical double resonance spectroscopy with counter-propagating beams, with a similar scheme to the excitation of the other fine transition 6 p 3/2 in the 6 p J manifold reported in Ponciano-Ojeda et al (2015 Phys. Rev. A 92 042511). The 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 1 / 2 dipole-forbidden excitation occurs at a wavelength λ ≈ 917.5 nm. The spectra showed the two main hyperfine states of the 6 p 1/2 manifold, and also resolved up to three satellites that appear due to effects of selection of velocities in thermal rubidium atoms. The polarization dependence of the relative intensities of the hyperfine lines of the decay fluorescence is also investigated. The data show that the individual line intensities and also the total cross-section have a strong dependence on the polarization direction. Experimental data for different polarization configurations of the light beams used in this two-photon spectroscopy are compared with the results of calculations that consider a strong atom-field coupling in the preparation step, followed by a weak electric quadrupole excitation and the blue fluorescence decay emission. Good agreement between experiment and this three-step model is found in the case of linear–linear polarizations, which confirms the results found for the 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 3 / 2 forbidden transition. The results presented here complete the information about the 5 p 3/2 → 6 p J electric dipole-forbidden transition in rubidium.

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This paper presents a general review of the results of the experimental and theoretical work carried out by our research group to study the 5P3/2→6PJ electric quadrupole transition in atomic rubidium. The experiments were carried out with room-temperature atoms in an absorption cell. A steady-state population of atoms in the 5P3/2 excited state is produced by a a narrow-bandwidth preparation laser locked to the D2 transition. A second CW laser is used to produce the forbidden transition with resolution of the 6PJ hyperfine states of both rubidium isotopes. The process is detected by recording the 420(422) nm fluorescence that occurs when the atoms in the 6PJ state decay directly into the 5S ground state. The fluorescence spectra show a strong dependence on the relative polarization directions of the preparation laser and the beam producing the forbidden transition. This dependence is directly related to a strong anisotropy in the populations of the 5P3/2 intermediate magnetic substates, and also to the electric quadrupole selection rules over magnetic quantum numbers. A calculation based on the rate equations that includes velocity and detuning dependent transition rates is adequate to reproduce these results. The forbidden transition is also shown to be an ideal probe to measure the Autler–Townes splitting generated in the preparation of the 5P3/2 state. Examples of spectra obtained with cold atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) are also presented. These spectra show the expected Autler–Townes doublet structure with asymmetric line profiles that result as a consequence of the red-detuning of the trapping laser in the MOT.

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Abstract Doppler-free optical double-resonance spectroscopy is used to study the 5 s 1 / 2 → 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 3 / 2 excitation sequence in room-temperature rubidium atoms. This involves a 5 s 1 / 2 → 5 p 3 / 2 electric dipole preparation step followed by the 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 3 / 2 electric quadrupole excitation. A detailed experimental and theoretical study of the dependance on the excitation beams polarization from the 420 nm decay fluorescence ( 6 p 3 / 2 → 5 s 1 / 2 ) is presented. When a circularly polarized preparation beam is used, it produces a strongly oriented 5 p 3 / 2 intermediate state. In this case a linear quadrupole excitation beam transfers the oriented state to the 6 p 3 / 2 hyperfine states. For linearly polarized preparation and quadrupole excitation beams the spectra of the 6 p 3 / 2 hyperfine lines follow a cosine squared dependence on the angle betwe

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Use of the 5 P 3 / 2 → 6 P 3 / 2 electric dipole forbidden transition in Rb as a non-perturbing probe of atom dynamics in an operating magneto-optical trap

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Abstract Results of spectroscopy experiments using the 5 P 3 / 2 → 6 P 3 / 2 electric dipole forbidden transition in cold rubidium atoms are presented. Production of this forbidden transition is detected by observing the emission of the 420 nm fluorescence photons that result from the decay of the 6 P 3 / 2 state into the ground state. The experiments are performed under the steady state operation conditions of a magneto-optical trap (MOT), and thus provide non-perturbing information on the atom-light system. The hyperfine structure of the 6 P 3 / 2 level is completely resolved, and the fluorescence peaks show the expected Autler–Townes (AT) splitting of the emission lines. This hyperfine structure is used to calibrate the frequency scale of all spectra recorded. A combination of this absolute frequency scale and an expression for the AT profile allows an absolute determination of the effective Rabi frequency and detuning of the MOT. The behavior of these AT doublets is studied as a function of frequency detuning and also as a function of the trapping light intensity. The experiments also take full advantage of the strong polarization dependence of the relative intensities of the hyperfine fluorescence components. This study results in a sensitive probe of the relative populations of the magnetic sublevel projections relative to the trapping magnetic field gradient. An almost isotropic population distribution was found, but small deviations from isotropy could be determined with this electric dipole forbidden probe.

New Journal of Physics•Oct 1, 2024•0 citations
Direct evidence of excitation of the 5p3/2\ensuremath→6p3/25{p}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6{p}_{3/2}5p3/2​\ensuremath→6p3/2​ electric-dipole-forbidden transition in atomic rubidium is presented. The experiments were performed in a room-temperature rubidium cell with continuous-wave external cavity diode lasers. Optical-optical double-resonance spectroscopy with counterpropagating beams allows the detection of the nondipole transition free of Doppler broadening. The 5p3/25{p}_{3/2}5p3/2​ state is prepared by excitation with a laser locked to the maximum FFF cyclic transition of the D2{D}_{2}D2​ line, and the forbidden transition is produced by excitation with a 911 nm laser. Production of the forbidden transition is monitored by detection of the 420 nm fluorescence that results from decay of the 6p3/26{p}_{3/2}6p3/2​ state. Spectra with three narrow lines (\ensuremath≈13\ensuremath{\approx}13\ensuremath≈13 MHz FWHM) with the characteristic F\ensuremath−1,FF\ensuremath{-}1, FF\ensuremath−1,F, and F+1F+1F+1 splitting of the 6p3/26{p}_{3/2}6p3/2​ hyperfine structure in both rubidium isotopes were obtained. The results are in very good agreement with a direct calculation that takes into account the 5s\ensuremath→5p3/25s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5{p}_{3/2}5s\ensuremath→5p3/2​ preparation dynamics, the 5p3/2\ensuremath→6p3/25{p}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6{p}_{3/2}5p3/2​\ensuremath→6p3/2​ nondipole excitation geometry, and the 6p3/2\ensuremath→5s1/26{p}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5{s}_{1/2}6p3/2​\ensuremath→5s1/2​ decay. The comparison also shows that the electric-dipole-forbidden transition is a very sensitive probe of the preparation dynamics.
Abstract We present the first evidence of excitation of the 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 1 / 2 electric dipole-forbidden transition in atomic rubidium. The experiments were done in a rubidium vapor cell using Doppler-free optical–optical double resonance spectroscopy with counter-propagating beams, with a similar scheme to the excitation of the other fine transition 6 p 3/2 in the 6 p J manifold reported in Ponciano-Ojeda et al (2015 Phys. Rev. A 92 042511). The 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 1 / 2 dipole-forbidden excitation occurs at a wavelength λ ≈ 917.5 nm. The spectra showed the two main hyperfine states of the 6 p 1/2 manifold, and also resolved up to three satellites that appear due to effects of selection of velocities in thermal rubidium atoms. The polarization dependence of the relative intensities of the hyperfine lines of the decay fluorescence is also investigated. The data show that the individual line intensities and also the total cross-section have a strong dependence on the polarization direction. Experimental data for different polarization configurations of the light beams used in this two-photon spectroscopy are compared with the results of calculations that consider a strong atom-field coupling in the preparation step, followed by a weak electric quadrupole excitation and the blue fluorescence decay emission. Good agreement between experiment and this three-step model is found in the case of linear–linear polarizations, which confirms the results found for the 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 3 / 2 forbidden transition. The results presented here complete the information about the 5 p 3/2 → 6 p J electric dipole-forbidden transition in rubidium.
An advanced undergraduate experiment to study the 5P3/2→6P3/2 electric quadrupole transition in rubidium atoms is presented. The experiment uses two external cavity diode lasers, one operating at the D2 rubidium resonance line and the other built with commercial parts to emit at 911 nm. The lasers produce the 5s→5p→6p excitation sequence in which the second step is the forbidden transition. Production of atoms in the 6P3/2 state is observed by detection of the 420 nm fluorescence that results from electric dipole decay into the ground state. Lines whose widths are significantly narrower than the Doppler width are used to study the hyperfine structure of the 6P3/2 state in rubidium. The spectra illustrate characteristics unique to electric dipole forbidden transitions, like the electric quadrupole selection rules; they are also used to show general aspects of two-color laser spectroscopy such as velocity selection and hyperfine pumping.
This paper presents a general review of the results of the experimental and theoretical work carried out by our research group to study the 5P3/2→6PJ electric quadrupole transition in atomic rubidium. The experiments were carried out with room-temperature atoms in an absorption cell. A steady-state population of atoms in the 5P3/2 excited state is produced by a a narrow-bandwidth preparation laser locked to the D2 transition. A second CW laser is used to produce the forbidden transition with resolution of the 6PJ hyperfine states of both rubidium isotopes. The process is detected by recording the 420(422) nm fluorescence that occurs when the atoms in the 6PJ state decay directly into the 5S ground state. The fluorescence spectra show a strong dependence on the relative polarization directions of the preparation laser and the beam producing the forbidden transition. This dependence is directly related to a strong anisotropy in the populations of the 5P3/2 intermediate magnetic substates, and also to the electric quadrupole selection rules over magnetic quantum numbers. A calculation based on the rate equations that includes velocity and detuning dependent transition rates is adequate to reproduce these results. The forbidden transition is also shown to be an ideal probe to measure the Autler–Townes splitting generated in the preparation of the 5P3/2 state. Examples of spectra obtained with cold atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) are also presented. These spectra show the expected Autler–Townes doublet structure with asymmetric line profiles that result as a consequence of the red-detuning of the trapping laser in the MOT.
Doppler-free optical double-resonance spectroscopy is used to study the 5S1/2 → 5P3/2 → 6Pj (j = 3/2,1/2) excitation sequence in room-temperature rubidium atoms. This involves a 5S1/2 → 5P3/2 electric dipole preparation step followed by the 5P3/2 → 6Pj electric quadrupole excitation. The electric dipole forbidden transitions occur at 911.0 nm (j = 3/2) and 917.5 nm (j = 1/2). Production of atoms in the 6Pj states is detected by observing their direct decay to the ground state through emission of blue photons (λ ≈ 420 nm). A detailed experimental and theoretical study of the dependence on the relative linear polarizations of excitation beams is made. It is shown that specific electric quadrupole selection rules over magnetic quantum numbers are directly related to the relative orientation of the linear polarization of the excitation beams.
Abstract Doppler-free optical double-resonance spectroscopy is used to study the 5 s 1 / 2 → 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 3 / 2 excitation sequence in room-temperature rubidium atoms. This involves a 5 s 1 / 2 → 5 p 3 / 2 electric dipole preparation step followed by the 5 p 3 / 2 → 6 p 3 / 2 electric quadrupole excitation. A detailed experimental and theoretical study of the dependance on the excitation beams polarization from the 420 nm decay fluorescence ( 6 p 3 / 2 → 5 s 1 / 2 ) is presented. When a circularly polarized preparation beam is used, it produces a strongly oriented 5 p 3 / 2 intermediate state. In this case a linear quadrupole excitation beam transfers the oriented state to the 6 p 3 / 2 hyperfine states. For linearly polarized preparation and quadrupole excitation beams the spectra of the 6 p 3 / 2 hyperfine lines follow a cosine squared dependence on the angle betwe
Abstract Results of spectroscopy experiments using the 5 P 3 / 2 → 6 P 3 / 2 electric dipole forbidden transition in cold rubidium atoms are presented. Production of this forbidden transition is detected by observing the emission of the 420 nm fluorescence photons that result from the decay of the 6 P 3 / 2 state into the ground state. The experiments are performed under the steady state operation conditions of a magneto-optical trap (MOT), and thus provide non-perturbing information on the atom-light system. The hyperfine structure of the 6 P 3 / 2 level is completely resolved, and the fluorescence peaks show the expected Autler–Townes (AT) splitting of the emission lines. This hyperfine structure is used to calibrate the frequency scale of all spectra recorded. A combination of this absolute frequency scale and an expression for the AT profile allows an absolute determination of the effective Rabi frequency and detuning of the MOT. The behavior of these AT doublets is studied as a function of frequency detuning and also as a function of the trapping light intensity. The experiments also take full advantage of the strong polarization dependence of the relative intensities of the hyperfine fluorescence components. This study results in a sensitive probe of the relative populations of the magnetic sublevel projections relative to the trapping magnetic field gradient. An almost isotropic population distribution was found, but small deviations from isotropy could be determined with this electric dipole forbidden probe.