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arXiv:1506.03988 · Physical Review A

Bloch-Siegert shift of the Rabi model

Yiying Yan, Zhiguo Lü, Hang Zheng

Published May 19, 2015• 62 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We apply a simple analytical method based on a unitary transformation to calculate the Bloch-Siegert (BS) shift over the entire driving-strength range. In quantitative comparison with the numerically exact BS shift obtained by Floquet formalism as well as the previous BS results, we confirm that our calculated results are not only accurate in the weak-driving regime but also correct in the strong-driving limit. In the intermediate strong-driving regime, the calculated values of the BS shift are nearly the same as the exact ones. It turns out that our calculation for the BS shift is beyond perturbation. Meanwhile, we demonstrate the signatures caused by the BS shift by monitoring the excited-state population and the probe-pump spectrum under the experiment accessible conditions. In particular, we find that when the driving frequency is fixed at the transition frequency of the system, the line shape of the probe-pump spectrum becomes asymmetric with the increase of the driving strength, which may be verified experimentally.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.91.053834

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We apply a simple analytical method based on a unitary transformation to calculate the Bloch-Siegert (BS) shift over the entire driving-strength range. In quantitative comparison with the numerically exact BS shift obtained by Floquet formalism as well as the previous BS results, we confirm that our calculated results are not only accurate in the weak-driving regime but also correct in the strong-driving limit. In the intermediate strong-driving regime, the calculated values of the BS shift are nearly the same as the exact ones. It turns out that our calculation for the BS shift is beyond perturbation. Meanwhile, we demonstrate the signatures caused by the BS shift by monitoring the excited-state population and the probe-pump spectrum under the experiment accessible conditions. In particular, we find that when the driving frequency is fixed at the transition frequency of the system, the line shape of the probe-pump spectrum becomes asymmetric with the increase of the driving strength, which may be verified experimentally.
So far the Bloch-Siegert shift of the Rabi model has only been calculated numerically or by means of perturbation theory valid in either the weak or strong driving regime only. Recently Yan, Lü, and Zheng [Phys.~Rev.~A {\bf 91}, 053834 (2015)] showed how to reduce the problem to solving a system of three nonlinear equations. Here, we pursue an alternative approach based on a perturbation expansion extrapolation technique. We are thus able to derive an explicit analytical approximation formula for the Bloch-Siegert shift of the Rabi model which is valid for all parameter regimes from weak to strong driving. Comparison with numerically exact results reveals an excellent agreement over the entire driving-strength range.
We show that the counter-rotating terms of the dispersive qubit-cavity Rabi model can produce relatively large and nonmonotonic Bloch-Siegert shifts in the cavity frequency as the system is driven through a quantum-to-classical transition. Using a weak microwave probe tone, we demonstrate experimentally this effect by monitoring the resonance frequency of a microwave cavity coupled to a transmon and driven by a microwave field with varying power. In the weakly driven regime (quantum phase), the Bloch-Siegert shift appears as a small constant frequency shift, while for a strong drive (classical phase) it presents an oscillatory behavior as a function of the number of photons in the cavity. The experimental results are in agreement with numerical simulations based on the quasienergy spectrum.
Abstract We apply a simple analytical method based on a unitary transformation to calculate the ground state, its excitation spectrum and quantum dynamic evolution of physical quantities for the double-photon quantum Rabi Hamiltonian over the wide coupling-strength range. The concise analytical method possesses the same mathematical simplicity as the approach of the rotating wave approximation (RWA). By quantitative comparison with the numerically exact result obtained by matrix diagonalization, we confirm that our calculated results obtained by transformed rotating-wave method are not only accurate in the weak coupling regime but also correct in intermediate strong-coupling case. In the intermediate ultrastrong-coupling regime, the calculated values of the ground state and lower lying excited states are nearly the same as the exact ones. It turns out that our calculation for the energy spectrum is beyond the ordinary-RWA. Meanwhile, we demonstrate the signatures resulting from the counter-rotating wave terms by monitoring the population, the coherence, the squeezing of the photon under the ultra-strong conditions. In particular, we find that when the frequency of the photon is much larger than the transition frequency of the system, the lineshape of the time evolution becomes complicated with the increase of the coupling strength, which may be verified experimentally.
We theoretically study the dynamics and resonance shift of the Rabi model with frequency modulation, i.e., the Rabi model driven additionally by a slow longitudinal field, by using the counterrotating-hybridized rotating-wave (CHRW) method, aiming to illustrate the effects of the counterrotating (CR) terms of the transverse field. The CHRW method is based on a unitary transformation and reduces the aperiodic Hamiltonian to an effective periodic Hamiltonian that can be efficiently treated by Floquet theory. The validity of the effective Hamiltonian and widely used rotating-wave approximation (RWA) Hamiltonian is carefully examined compared to the numerically exact results over a wide parameter range. It is found that the effective Hamiltonian gives a correct description, while the RWA breaks down in the strong driving regime. Interestingly, we show that under certain conditions the longitudinal field can be used to modify resonance widths such that resonance widths can be comparable to the magnitude of the Bloch-Siegert (BS) shift, which in turn makes the CR-induced BS shift significant and leads to the complete breakdown of the RWA even in a moderately strong driving regime (in which the RWA holds for the Rabi model without frequency modulation). In addition, by using the effective Hamiltonian, we can efficiently access resonance positions for the bichromatically driven qubit and study how the resonance shifts due to the combined effects of the CR terms and frequency modulation. For a weak longitudinal field, we show that resonance positions can be analytically calculated from the effective Rabi frequency for the effective Hamiltonian, which are in excellent agreement with the numerically exact results.
Monochromatically driven two-level systems (i.e., Rabi models) are ubiquitous in various fields of physics. Though they have been exactly solved, the physical pictures in these exact solutions are not clear. Recently, approximate analytical solutions with neat physics have been obtained by using the counter-rotating hybridized rotating wave (CHRW) method, which has been proven to be effective over a wider range of parameters than the previous analytical solutions. However, the CHRW depends on a parameter $\ensuremath{\xi}$, which has no solution in some regimes. Here, we combine the double-unitary-transformation approach with the generalized Van Vleck nearly degenerate perturbation theory, and present approximate analytical results with clear physics for almost all parameter regimes, which agree well with the numerical solutions and the previous experimental results. Moreover, the dynamic frequencies of the Rabi model are regular, and the frequency with the highest Fourier amplitude changes from the Rabi frequency to $2n\ensuremath{\omega}$ with driving frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and integer nnn, as the driving intensity increases from weak to deep-strong. In addition, we further explore the Floquet dynamics of the dissipative open Rabi model. Remarkably, the dissipations are tunable in the rotating frame, and the approximate analytical results obtained by our method are in good agreement with the numerical results in the strong driving regime. These results pave the way to quantum control using strong and deep-strong driving with applications in quantum technologies.
We investigate the dynamics of a driven two-level system (classical Rabi model) using the counter-rotating-hybridized rotating-wave method (CHRW), which is a simple method based on a unitary transformation with a parameter $\ensuremath{\xi}$. This approach is beyond the traditional rotating-wave approximation (Rabi-RWA) and more importantly, remains the RWA form with a renormalized tunneling strength and a modified driving strength. The reformulated rotating-wave method not only possesses the same mathematical simplicity as the Rabi-RWA but also allows us to explore the effects of counter-rotating (CR) components. We focus on the properties of off-resonance cases for which the Rabi-RWA method breaks down. After comparing the results of different RWA schemes and those of the numerically exact method in a wide range of parameter regime, we show that the CHRW method gives the accurate driven dynamics which is in good agreement with the numerical method. Moreover, the other RWA methods appear as various limiting cases of the CHRW method. The CHRW method reveals the effects of the CR terms clearly by means of coherent destruction of tunneling and Bloch-Siegert shift. Our main results are as follows: (i) the dynamics of the coherent destruction of tunneling is explicitly given and its dependence on $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ is clarified, which is quantitatively in good agreement with the exact results; (ii) the CR modulated Rabi frequency and the Bloch-Siegert shift are analytically calculated, which is the same as the exact results up to fourth order; (iii) the validity of parameter regions of different RWA methods are given and the comparison of dynamics of these methods are shown. Since the CHRW approach is mathematically simple as well as tractable and physically clear, it may be extended to some complicated problems where it is difficult to do a numerical study.