Abstract Secure communication based on message encryption might be performed by combining the message with controlled noise (called pseudo-noise) as performed in spread-spectrum communication used presently in Wi-Fi and smartphone telecommunication systems. Quantum communication based on entanglement is another route for securing communications as demonstrated by several important experiments described in this work. The central role played by the photon in unifying the description of classical and quantum noise as major ingredients of secure communication systems is highlighted and described on the basis of the classical and quantum fluctuation dissipation theorems.
Abstract Secure communication based on message encryption might be performed by combining the message with controlled noise (called pseudo-noise) as performed in spread-spectrum communication used presently in Wi-Fi and smartphone telecommunication systems. Quantum communication based on entanglement is another route for securing communications as demonstrated by several important experiments described in this work. The central role played by the photon in unifying the description of classical and quantum noise as major ingredients of secure communication systems is highlighted and described on the basis of the classical and quantum fluctuation dissipation theorems.
Nyquist White noise derivation based on blackbody radiation interacting with electrons in a transmission line is revisited and is shown to possibly pave the way toward secure noise-based communication systems. Encrypting a message for secure transmission might be performed by combining it with controlled noise as performed in Spread-Spectrum communication that are presently used in Telecommunication systems. Quantum communication using entanglement is another route for secure communications as demonstrated by several important experiments. Classical and Quantum noise are compared and discussed as a major constituent of secure communication.
The secure communication of information plays an ever increasing role in our society today. Classical methods of encryption inherently rely on the difficulty of solving a problem such as finding prime factors of large numbers and can, in principle, be cracked by a fast enough machine. The burgeoning field of quantum communication relies on the fundamental laws of physics to offer unconditional information security. Here we introduce the key concepts of quantum superposition and entanglement as well as the no-cloning theorem that form the basis of this field. Then, we review basic quantum communication schemes with single and entangled photons and discuss recent experimental progress in ground and space-based quantum communication. Finally, we discuss the emerging field of high-dimensional quantum communication, which promises increased data rates and higher levels of security than ever before. We discuss recent experiments that use the orbital angular momentum of photons for sharing large amounts of information in a secure fashion. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Quantum technologies have the potential to improve in an unprecedented way the security and efficiency of communications in network infrastructures. We discuss the current landscape in quantum communication and cryptography, and focus in particular on recent photonic implementations, using encoding in discrete or continuous properties of light, of central quantum network protocols, enabling secret key distribution, verification of multiparty entanglement and transactions of quantum money, with security guarantees impossible to achieve with only classical resources. We also describe current challenges in this field and our efforts towards the miniaturization of the developed photonic systems, their integration into telecommunication network infrastructures, including with satellite links, as well as the practical demonstration of novel protocols featuring a quantum advantage for a wide range of tasks. These advances enrich the resources and applications of the emerging quantum networks that will play a central role in the context of future global-scale quantum-safe communications.
This paper proposes a novel communication protocol security authentication scheme leveraging the inherent randomness of quantum noise. The core claim is to enhance communication security by exploiting this randomness for key generation, information encryption, and ultimately, secure authentication. The proposed mechanism involves designing a protocol where quantum noise is intentionally introduced during key exchange and transmission, fundamentally disrupting traditional cryptographic attacks reliant on predictable patterns. Statistical analysis of the noise patterns then forms the basis for the authentication process, creating a robust and resilient security layer. The novelty lies in moving beyond traditional cryptographic assumptions and directly utilizing the unpredictable nature of quantum phenomena for security. This approach offers a potential defense against attacks that target vulnerabilities in classical cryptographic systems. The paper details the protocol design, focusing on the mathematical formulation of the key generation, encryption, and authentication processes, highlighting the critical role of noise parameters and statistical analysis.
In the modern digital era, cryptographic protocols form the foundation of secure communication, from safeguarding messages to protecting national infrastructure.For years classical encryption techniques served the role of protecting our information; however, due to technological advancements not only in the engineering field but also in the field of physics classical encryption no longer provides reliable and safe security [2][3][4][7].Quantum communication has introduced a fundamentally new paradigm in secure communication, most notably through the BB84 protocol [1].This protocol uses a fundamentally different approach to security that offers unbreakable encryption [10].The advances of the field not only offer protection but also open the possiblity to different approaches to attack [11][15].However, despite its clear advantages, the widespread adoption of the BB84 protocol in everyday communication remains limited by technological and physical barriers [11][15].These challenges include photon loss in transmission, limited key generation rates, short coherence of quantum states, and difficulty integrating these complex systems with existing classical infrastructures [14][17].Furthermore, achieving scalability to support large, complex networks introduces new constraints [14].While these systems can enable fast and long distance transmission, these technologies still remain developmental as well.This paper argues that an overlooked challenge in integrating quantum systems with classical infrastructure is the absence of entanglement in the BB84 protocol, which forces a reliance on classical components that introduce interference and instability [14][18][10].Although the benefits of entanglement-based protocols are recognized in the literature [8][10] [19] the consequences of the BB84's non entangled design remains underexplored [14][17][13].
Quantum information science is an interdisciplinary field that investigates the principles and applications of quantum mechanics in information processing. Upcoming quantum technologies promise a range of valuable applications, including powerful simulation of complex systems, enhanced computational capabilities, high-precision sensing and metrology, and secure communication via quantum key distribution. A central concept is entanglement, a unique type of correlation between quantum systems that has no classical counterpart. Entanglement plays a pivotal role in many quantum protocols, particularly as a key resource in quantum communication, where protocols such as distributed quantum computation and secret sharing are executed in a distributed setting. Hence, distributing entanglement over long distances and manipulating it locally is essential for enabling quantum communication applications. However, the effectiveness of such applications is limited by the challenges of transmitting quantum information and maintaining precise control over quantum systems. For example, quantum information carriers, such as photons traveling through optical fibers, may be lost, or the operations performed may not be perfect. Consequently, it is crucial to develop robust tools for distributing and manipulating entanglement in distributed settings in order to fully unlock the capabilities of quantum technologies. In this thesis, we explore the influence of noise on the manipulation of entanglement in entanglement-based quantum networks. First, we examine the noise resilience of various resource states, i.e., pre-established entangled states, used to achieve bipartite or tripartite communication. This is followed by an analysis of a fully asymmetric network scenario, incorporating the noise introduced by the delays from classical messaging within the quantum network. We then propose classical communication protocols to achieve bipartite communication and evaluate their noise impact under the optimization of the arrangement of the pre-established entanglement. In addition, we propose an alternative approach to quantum repeaters, a key device for entanglement distribution, based on growing multipartite states, allowing entanglement to be recycled and patched. All investigations have been carried out employing a novel formalism, also developed in this thesis, for efficiently and accurately simulating noisy quantum processes on classical hardware, with broader applicability beyond quantum communication.