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arXiv:1506.00070

Quasiparticles dynamics in high-temperature superconductors far from equilibrium: an indication of pairing amplitude without phase coherence

Christian Piovera, Zailan Zhang, M. d’Astuto, Amina Taleb-Ibrahimi, E. Papalazarou, M. Marsi, Zihan Li, H. Raffy, L. Perfetti

Published May 30, 2015• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We perform time resolved photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of optimally doped $\tn{Bi}_2\tn{Sr}_2\tn{CaCu}_2\tn{O}_{8+δ}$ (Bi-2212) and $\tn{Bi}_2\tn{Sr}_{2-x}\tn{La}_{x}\tn{Cu}\tn{O}_{6+δ}$ (Bi-2201). The electrons dynamics show that inelastic scattering by nodal quasiparticles decreases when the temperature is lowered below the critical value of the superconducting phase transition. This drop of electronic dissipation is astonishingly robust and survives to photoexcitation densities much larger than the value sustained by long-range superconductivity. The unconventional behaviour of quasiparticle scattering is ascribed to superconducting correlations extending on a length scale comparable to the inelastic path. Our measurements indicate that strongly driven superconductors enter in a regime without phase coherence but finite pairing amplitude. The latter vanishes near to the critical temperature and has no evident link with the pseudogap observed by Angle Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy (ARPES).

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1506.00070

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Despite extensive work on high-temperature superconductors, the critical behavior of an incipient condensate has so far been studied exclusively under equilibrium conditions. Here, we excite Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+δ) with a femtosecond laser pulse and monitor the subsequent nonequilibrium dynamics of the midinfrared conductivity. Our data allow us to discriminate temperature regimes where superconductivity is either coherent, fluctuating or vanishingly small. Above the transition temperature T(c), we make the striking observation that the relaxation to equilibrium exhibits power-law dynamics and scaling behavior, both for optimally and underdoped superconductors. Our findings can in part be modeled using time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory, and they provide strong indication of universality in systems far from equilibrium.
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Despite the intense theoretical and experimental effort, an understanding of the superconducting pairing mechanism of the high-temperature superconductors leading to an unprecedented high transition temperature Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ is still lacking. An additional puzzle is the unknown connection between the superconducting gap and the so-called pseudogap which is a central property of the most unusual normal state. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements have revealed a gaplike behavior on parts of the Fermi surface, leaving a nongapped segment known as Fermi arc around the diagonal of the Brillouin zone. Two main interpretations of the origin of the pseudogap have been proposed: either the pseudogap is a precursor to superconductivity, or it arises from another order competing with superconductivity. Starting from the t-J model, in this paper we present a microscopic approach to investigate physical properties of the pseudogap phase as well as the superconducting phase in the framework of a renormalization scheme called projector-based renormalization method. This approach is based on a stepwise elimination of high-energy transitions using unitary transformations. We arrive at renormalized ``free'' Hamiltonians for correlated electrons for both phases. Our microscopic approach allows us to explain the experimental findings in the underdoped as well as in the optimal hole doping regime. The ARPES spectral function along the Fermi surface turns out to be in good agreement with experiment: For the pseudogap phase we find well-defined excitation peaks around $\ensuremath{\omega}=0$ near the nodal direction, which become strongly suppressed around the antinodal point. The origin of the pseudogap can be traced back to a suppression of spectral weight from incoherent excitations in a small $\ensuremath{\omega}$ range around the Fermi energy. In the superconducting phase, the order parameter turns out to have ddd-wave symmetry with a coherence length of a few lattice constants. In good agreement with experiments, we find no superconducting solutions for very small hole doping.
Non-local conductance experiments using tunnel junctions can provide valuable spectroscopic information on both the transport and relaxation of quasiparticles in superconductors, as these techniques directly probe the quasiparticle charge and energy imbalance even at mK temperatures. In this work, we employ mesoscopic three terminal Cu and Al NIS devices to study non-local quasiparticle transport over length-scales on the order of the superconducting coherence length in this regime. Via a dual-bias scheme, which utilizes detector biases both above and below the superconducting gap, we are able to extract the effect of quasiparticle energy imbalance via its impact on the self consistent pair potential by symmetry considerations. We observe non-local conductance features due to pair-breaking which are anti-symmetric with respect to the polarity of the voltage bias, with a sharp onset during single electron tunneling at energies around 3Δ3Δ3Δ. We compare these findings with quasiclassical simulations including inelastic effects to obtain estimates of the energy dependent inelastic scattering time. In addition, we demonstrate kinetic effects due to a large applied supercurrent which can also be captured in this formalism and decomposed with respect to the particle-hole symmetry and supercurrent direction, and discuss further opportunities for the advancement of this method.