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arXiv:1505.02585 · Physical Review B

Equilibration and generalized Gibbs ensemble for hard wall boundary conditions

Garry Goldstein, Natan Andrei

Published Oct 1, 2015• 23 citations
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Abstract

In this work we present an analysis of a quench for the repulsive Lieb-Liniger gas confined to a large box with hard wall boundary conditions. We study the time average of local correlation functions and show that both the quench action approach and the generalized Gibbs ensemble formalism are applicable for the long-time average of local correlation functions. We find that the time average of the system corresponds to an eigenstate of the Lieb-Liniger Hamiltonian and that this eigenstate is related to an eigenstate of a Lieb-Liniger Hamiltonian with periodic boundary conditions on an interval of twice the length and with twice as many particles (a doubled system). We further show that local operators with support far away from the boundaries of the hard wall have the same expectation values with respect to this eigenstate as corresponding operators for the doubled system. We present an example of a quench where the gas is initially confined in several moving traps and then released into a bigger container, an approximate description of the Newton's cradle experiment. We calculate the time average of various correlation functions for long times after the quench.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.92.155103

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In this work we present an analysis of a quench for the repulsive Lieb-Liniger gas confined to a large box with hard wall boundary conditions. We study the time average of local correlation functions and show that both the quench action approach and the generalized Gibbs ensemble formalism are applicable for the long-time average of local correlation functions. We find that the time average of the system corresponds to an eigenstate of the Lieb-Liniger Hamiltonian and that this eigenstate is related to an eigenstate of a Lieb-Liniger Hamiltonian with periodic boundary conditions on an interval of twice the length and with twice as many particles (a doubled system). We further show that local operators with support far away from the boundaries of the hard wall have the same expectation values with respect to this eigenstate as corresponding operators for the doubled system. We present an example of a quench where the gas is initially confined in several moving traps and then released into a bigger container, an approximate description of the Newton's cradle experiment. We calculate the time average of various correlation functions for long times after the quench.
In this work we study a quench between a Mott insulator and a repulsive Lieb-Liniger liquid. We explicitly find the stationary state when a long time has passed after the quench. It is given by a generalized Gibbs ensemble (GGE) density matrix, which we completely characterize, calculating the quasiparticle density that describes the system after the quench. In the long-time limit we find an explicit form for the local three-body density-density-density correlation function and the asymptotic long-distance limit of the two-point density-density correlation function. The latter is shown to have Gaussian decay at large distances.
We study the nonequilibrium properties of the one dimensional Lieb Liniger model in the finite repulsion regime. Introducing a new version of the Yudson representation applicable to finite size systems and appropriately taking the infinite volume limit we are able to study equilibration of the Lieb Liniger gas in the thermodynamic limit. We provide a formalism to compute various correlation functions for highly non equilibrium initial states. We are able to find explicit analytic expressions for the long time limit of the expectation of the density, density density and related correlation functions. We show that the gas equilibriates to a diagonal ensemble which we show is equivalent to a generalized version of the GGE for sufficiently simple correlation functions, which in particular include density correlations.
Using a numerical renormalization group based on exploiting an underlying exactly solvable nonrelativistic theory, we study the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of a 1D Bose gas (as described by the Lieb-Liniger model) released from a parabolic trap. Our method allows us to track the postquench dynamics of the gas all the way to infinite time. We also exhibit a general construction, applicable to all integrable models, of the thermodynamic ensemble that has been suggested to govern this dynamics, the generalized Gibbs ensemble. We compare the predictions of equilibration from this ensemble against the long time dynamics observed using our method.
We obtain exact results on interaction quenches in the 1D Bose gas described by the integrable Lieb-Liniger model. We show that in the long time limit integrability leads to significant deviations from the predictions of the grand canonical ensemble and a description within the generalized Gibbs ensemble (GGE) is needed. For a non-interacting initial state and arbitrary final interactions, we find that the presence of infinitely many conserved charges generates a non-analytic behavior in the equilibrated density of quasimomenta. This manifests itself in a dynamically generated Friedel-like oscillation of the non-local correlation functions with interaction dependent oscillation momenta. We also exactly evaluate local correlations and the generalized chemical potentials within GGE.
We consider the non-equilibrium dynamics of the interacting Lieb–Liniger gas after instantaneously switching the interactions off. The subsequent time evolution of the space- and time-dependent correlation functions is computed exactly. Different relaxation behavior is observed for different correlation functions. The long time average is compared with the predictions of several statistical ensembles. The generalized Gibbs ensemble restricted to a fixed number of particles is shown to give correct results at large times for all length scales.
We investigate the relaxation dynamics of the integrable Lieb-Liniger model of contact-interacting bosons in one dimension following a sudden quench of the collisional interaction strength. The system is initially prepared in its noninteracting ground state and the interaction strength is then abruptly switched to a positive value, corresponding to repulsive interactions between the bosons. We calculate equal-time correlation functions of the nonequilibrium Bose field for small systems of up to five particles via symbolic evaluation of coordinate Bethe-ansatz expressions for operator matrix elements between Lieb-Liniger eigenstates. We characterize the relaxation of the system by comparing the time-evolving correlation functions following the quench to the equilibrium correlations predicted by the diagonal ensemble and relate the behavior of these correlations to that of the quantum fidelity between the many-body wave function and the initial state of the system. Our results for the asymptotic scaling of local second-order correlations with increasing interaction strength agree with the predictions of recent generalized thermodynamic Bethe-ansatz calculations. By contrast, third-order correlations obtained within our approach exhibit a markedly different power-law dependence on the interaction strength as the Tonks-Girardeau limit of infinitely strong interactions is approached.