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arXiv:1505.01507 · Physical Review A

Control of coherent backscattering by breaking optical reciprocity

Yaron Bromberg, Brandon Redding, Sébastien M. Popoff, Hui Cao

Published Feb 18, 2016• 23 citations

Abstract

Reciprocity is a universal principle that has a profound impact on many areas of physics. A fundamental phenomenon in condensed-matter physics, optical physics, and acoustics, arising from reciprocity, is the constructive interference of quantum or classical waves which propagate along time-reversed paths in disordered media, leading to, for example, weak localization and metal-insulator transition. Previous studies have shown that such coherent effects are suppressed when reciprocity is broken. Here we experimentally show that by tuning a nonreciprocal phase we can coherently control complex coherent phenomena, rather than simply suppress them. In particular, we manipulate coherent backscattering of light, also known as weak localization. By utilizing a magneto-optical effect, we control the interference between time-reversed paths inside a multimode fiber with strong mode mixing, observe the optical analog of weak antilocalization, and realize a continuous transition from weak localization to weak antilocalization. Our results may open new possibilities for coherent control of waves in complex systems.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.93.023826

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Reciprocity is a universal principle that has a profound impact on many areas of physics. A fundamental phenomenon in condensed-matter physics, optical physics, and acoustics, arising from reciprocity, is the constructive interference of quantum or classical waves which propagate along time-reversed paths in disordered media, leading to, for example, weak localization and metal-insulator transition. Previous studies have shown that such coherent effects are suppressed when reciprocity is broken. Here we experimentally show that by tuning a nonreciprocal phase we can coherently control complex coherent phenomena, rather than simply suppress them. In particular, we manipulate coherent backscattering of light, also known as weak localization. By utilizing a magneto-optical effect, we control the interference between time-reversed paths inside a multimode fiber with strong mode mixing, observe the optical analog of weak antilocalization, and realize a continuous transition from weak localization to weak antilocalization. Our results may open new possibilities for coherent control of waves in complex systems.

We experimentally demonstrate ultrafast control over reciprocal light paths in random media. The combination of multiple scattering and coherence of light gives rise to strong interference contributions in light transport. An important interference correction to diffusion theory is the coherent backscattering effect, the constructive interference of reciprocal light paths in the backscattering direction. Our experiments show that the phase coherence between these paths can be suppressed by introducing dynamics faster than the photon dwell time. This adiabatic dephasing is of interest for its potential for controlling weak and strong localization and adiabatic storage and release of photonic information.

Collective effects on the light scattered by disordered media such as Anderson localization and coherent backscattering critically depend on the reciprocity between interfering optical paths. In this work, we explore the breaking of reciprocity for the light scattered by a disordered cold atom setup, taking advantage of the non-commutation of optical elements that manipulate the polarization of the interfering paths. This breaking of symmetry manifests itself in the reduction of the fringes contrast as the light scattered by the cloud interferes with that from its mirror image. We provide a geometrical interpretation in terms of the Pancharatnam-Berry phase, which we directly access from the fringes displacement. Our work paves the way toward the manipulation of path reciprocity and interference for light scattered by disordered media.

We demonstrate that ultrafast nonlinear dynamics gives rise to reciprocity breaking in a random photonic medium. Reciprocity breaking is observed via the suppression of coherent backscattering, a manifestation of weak localization of light. The effect is observed in a pump-probe configuration where the pump induces an ultrafast step change of the refractive index during the dwell time of the probe light in the material. The dynamical suppression of coherent backscattering is reproduced well by a multiple scattering Monte Carlo simulation. Ultrafast reciprocity breaking provides a distinct mechanism in nonlinear optical media, which opens up avenues for the active manipulation of mesoscopic transport, random lasers, and photon localization.

In condensed matter systems, coherent backscattering and quantum interference in the presence of time-reversal symmetry lead to well-known phenomena, such as weak localization (WL) and universal conductance fluctuations (UCFs). Here we use multipass Landau-Zener transitions at the avoided crossing of a highly coherent superconducting qubit to emulate these phenomena. The average and standard deviations of the qubit transition rate exhibit a dip and peak when the driving waveform is time-reversal symmetric, analogous to WL and UCFs, respectively. The higher coherence of this qubit enabled the realization of both effects, in contrast to the earlier work by Gustavsson et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 016603 (2013)], who successfully emulated UCFs, but did not observe WL. This demonstration illustrates the use of nonadiabatic control to implement quantum emulation with superconducting qubits.

In condensed matter systems, coherent backscattering and quantum interference in the presence of time-reversal symmetry lead to well-known phenomena, such as weak localization (WL) and universal conductance fluctuations (UCFs). Here we use multipass Landau-Zener transitions at the avoided crossing of a highly coherent superconducting qubit to emulate these phenomena. The average and standard deviations of the qubit transition rate exhibit a dip and peak when the driving waveform is time-reversal symmetric, analogous to WL and UCFs, respectively. The higher coherence of this qubit enabled the realization of both effects, in contrast to the earlier work by Gustavsson et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 016603 (2013)], who successfully emulated UCFs, but did not observe WL. This demonstration illustrates the use of nonadiabatic control to implement quantum emulation with superconducting qubits.

Summary form only given. A wave propagating in a strongly scattering medium experiences many scattering events which rapidly erase the memory of its initial direction on a typical scale length known as the transport mean free path. It is now known that interference can profoundly alter the wave transport, a spectacular manifestation being weak and strong localisation of waves. We shall briefly review the basics of coherent backscattering (CBS) and the results obtained with classical scatterers. We shall then describe our experiment using cold atoms and discuss the experimental data. The non trivial role of the atomic quantum internal structure in the enhancement reduction will be singled out in a simple situation and results of analytical calculations will be presented.