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arXiv:1502.07437 · Physical Review Letters

Nearly Deterministic Bell Measurement for Multiphoton Qubits and its Application to Quantum Information Processing

Seung-Woo Lee, Ki-min Park B, Timothy C. Ralph, Hyunseok Jeong

Published Mar 18, 2015• 48 citations
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Abstract

We propose a Bell-measurement scheme by employing a logical qubit in Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement with an arbitrary number of photons. Remarkably, the success probability of the Bell measurement as well as teleportation of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement can be made arbitrarily high using only linear optics elements and photon on-off measurements as the number of photons increases. Our scheme outperforms previous proposals using single-photon qubits when comparing the success probabilities in terms of the average photon usages. It has another important advantage for experimental feasibility in that it does not require photon-number-resolving measurements. Our proposal provides an alternative candidate for all-optical quantum information processing.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.114.113603

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We propose a Bell-measurement scheme by employing a logical qubit in Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement with an arbitrary number of photons. Remarkably, the success probability of the Bell measurement as well as teleportation of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement can be made arbitrarily high using only linear optics elements and photon on-off measurements as the number of photons increases. Our scheme outperforms previous proposals using single-photon qubits when comparing the success probabilities in terms of the average photon usages. It has another important advantage for experimental feasibility in that it does not require photon-number-resolving measurements. Our proposal provides an alternative candidate for all-optical quantum information processing.
We propose a Bell measurement scheme for discriminating logical Bell states with many photons. The logical qubit is in Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement with an arbitrary number of photons. Remarkably, its success probability can be made arbitrarily high using only linear optics and photon on-off measurements as the number of photons increases. It is shown that our scheme outperforms all the previously known schemes using single-photon qubits with respect to both the efficiency and feasibility. Our proposal provides an alternative candidate for all-optical quantum information processing.
We present a detailed analysis of the Bell measurement scheme proposed in Lee et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 113603 (2015)] based on a logical qubit using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger entanglement of photons. The success probability of the proposed Bell measurement can be made arbitrarily high using only linear optics as the number of photons in a logical qubit increases. We compare our scheme with all the other proposals, using single-photon qubits, coherent-state qubits, or hybrid qubits, suggested to enhance the efficiency of the Bell measurement. As a remarkable advantage, our scheme requires only photon on-off measurements, while photon number resolving detectors are necessary for all the other proposals. We find that the scheme based on coherent-state qubits shows the best performance with respect to the attained success probability in terms of the average number of photons used in the process, while our scheme outperforms the schemes using single-photon qubits. We finally show that efficient quantum communication and fault-tolerant quantum computation can be realized using our approach.
It was shown that using multiphoton qubits, a nearly deterministic Bell-state measurement can be performed with linear optics and on-off photodetectors [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 113603 (2015)]. However, multiphoton qubits are generally more fragile than single-photon qubits under a lossy environment. In this paper, we propose and analyze a scheme to teleport multiphoton-qubit information using hybrid entanglement with a loss-tolerant carrier qubit. We consider three candidates for the carrier qubit: a coherent-state qubit, a single-photon polarization qubit, and a vacuum-and-single-photon qubit. We find that teleportation with the vacuum-and-single-photon qubit tolerates about 10 times greater photon losses than with the multiphoton qubit of the photon number $N\ensuremath{\ge}4$ in the high fidelity regime ($F\ensuremath{\ge}90%$). The coherent-state qubit encoding may be even better than the vacuum-and-single-photon qubit as the carrier when its amplitude is as small as $\ensuremath{\alpha}<0.78$. We further point out that the fidelity of the teleported state by our scheme is determined by loss in the carrier qubit while the success probability depends on loss only in the multiphoton qubit to be teleported. Our study implies that the hybrid architecture may complement the weaknesses of each qubit encoding.
We present an efficient and simple protocol to unambiguously distinguish 2 N mutual orthogonal N-qubit Greenberger—Horne—Zeilinger states in polarization degree of freedom assisted by the frequency one. This scheme is based on N single photon Bell state measurements, which can be implemented non-locally. The success probability is 100% in principle and our scheme is feasible with current technology. All the advantages make our protocol meaningful and practical in quantum information processing.
Photons are natural carriers of quantum information due to their ease of distribution and long lifetime. This thesis concerns various related aspects of quantum information processing with single photons. Firstly, we demonstrate N-photon entanglement generation through a generalised N X N symmetric beam splitter known as the Bell multiport. A wide variety of 4-photon entangled states as well as the N-photon W-state can be generated with an unexpected non-monotonic decreasing probability of success with N. We also show how the same setup can be used to generate multiatom entanglement. A further study of multiports also leads us to a multiparticle generalisation of the Hong-Ou-Mandel dip which holds for all Bell multiports of even number of input ports. Next, we demonstrate a generalised linear optics based photon filter that has a constant success probability regardless of the number of photons involved. This filter has the highest reported success probability and is interferometrically robust. Finally, we demonstrate how repeat-until-success quantum computing can be performed with two distant nodes with unit success probability using only linear optics resource. We further show that using non-identical photon sources, robustness can still be achieved, an illustration of the nature and advantages of measurement-based quantum computation. A direct application to the same setup leads naturally to arbitrary multiphoton state generation on demand. Finally, we demonstrate how polarisation entanglement of photons can be detected from the emission of two atoms in a Young's double-slit type experiment without linear optics, resulting in both atoms being also maximally entangled.