John St. Bell was a physicist working most of his time at CERN and contributing intensively and sustainably to the development of Particle Physics and Collider Physics. As a hobby he worked on so-called "foundations of quantum theory", that was that time very unpopular, even considered to be scientifically taboo. His 1964-theorem, showing that predictions of local realistic theories are different to those of quantum theory, initiated a new field in quantum physics: quantum information theory. The violation of Bell's theorem, for instance, is a necessary and sufficient criterion for generating a secure key for cryptography at two distant locations. This contribution shows how Bell's theorem can be brought to the realm of high energy physics and presents the first conclusive experimental feasible test for weakly decaying neutral mesons on the market. Strong experimental and theoretical limitations make a Bell test in weakly decaying systems such as mesons and hyperons very challenging, however, these systems show an unexpected and puzzling relation to another big open question: why is our Universe dominated by matter, why did the antimatter slip off the map? This long outstanding problem becomes a new perspective via the very idea behind quantum information.
John St. Bell was a physicist working most of his time at CERN and contributing intensively and sustainably to the development of Particle Physics and Collider Physics. As a hobby he worked on so-called "foundations of quantum theory", that was that time very unpopular, even considered to be scientifically taboo. His 1964-theorem, showing that predictions of local realistic theories are different to those of quantum theory, initiated a new field in quantum physics: quantum information theory. The violation of Bell's theorem, for instance, is a necessary and sufficient criterion for generating a secure key for cryptography at two distant locations. This contribution shows how Bell's theorem can be brought to the realm of high energy physics and presents the first conclusive experimental feasible test for weakly decaying neutral mesons on the market. Strong experimental and theoretical limitations make a Bell test in weakly decaying systems such as mesons and hyperons very challenging, however, these systems show an unexpected and puzzling relation to another big open question: why is our Universe dominated by matter, why did the antimatter slip off the map? This long outstanding problem becomes a new perspective via the very idea behind quantum information.
About 50 years ago John St. Bell published his famous Bell theorem that initiated a new field in physics. This contribution discusses how discrete symmetries relate to the big open questions of quantum mechanics, in particular: (i) how correlations stronger than those predicted by theories sharing randomness (Bell's theorem) relate to the violation of the CP symmetry and the P symmetry; and its relation to the security of quantum cryptography, (ii) how the measurement problem ( "why do we observe no tables in superposition?" ) can be polled in weakly decaying systems, (iii) how strongly and weakly interacting quantum systems are affected by Newton's self gravitation. These presented preliminary results show that the meson-antimeson systems and the hyperon- antihyperon systems are a unique laboratory to tackle deep fundamental questions and to contribute to the understand what impact the violation of discrete symmetries has.
Abstract John Stewart Bell was one of the most significant physicists of the twentieth century; his work has led to a much enhanced understanding of quantum theory and what it says about the physical universe, particularly about realism, determinism, and locality. This book describes Bell's relatively humble origins and his struggles to obtain secondary and university education. It then describes his work at Harwell, where he made important theoretical contributions to the development of particle accelerators, in particular with his pioneering work on strong focussing. Later, he proved the extremely important CPT theorem. At CERN, Bell made a range of important theoretical contributions to elementary particle physics; these contributions include the physics of neutrinos, the existence of different types of neutrinos, the suitability of gauge theory for all physical interactions, and the Adler–Bell–Jackiw anomaly, which shows how classical symmetries are lost under quantum theory. In his work on quantum theory, he criticized the orthodox 'Copenhagen' interpretation of quantum theory, which did not allow the actual state of the physical world to be analysed. He showed that the famous von Neumann theorem, which claimed to show that 'hidden variables' were not allowed in quantum theory, was incorrect; his famous Bell's theorem, or Bell's inequality, showed that any such variables much be non-local. Bell's work led to greatly increased freedom in the discussion of quantum theory, and the development of quantum information theory.
In 1964 the physicists John St. Bell working at CERN took the 1935-idea of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen seriously and found that all theories based on local realism have to satisfy a certain inequality, nowadays dubbed Bell’s inequality. Experiments with ordinary matter systems or light show violations of Bell’s inequality favouring the quantum theory though a loophole free experiment has not yet been performed. This contribution presents an experimentally feasible Bell inequality for systems at higher energy scales, i.e. entangled neutral Ҡ -meson pairs that are typically produced in Φ -mesons decays or proton-antiproton annihilation processes. Strong requirements have to be overcome in order to achieve a conclusive tests, such a proposal was recently published. Surprisingly, this new Bell inequality reveals new features for weakly decaying particles, in particular, a strong sensitivity to the combined charge-conjugation-parity (CP) symmetry. Here-with, a puzzling relation between a symmetry breaking for mesons and Bell’s inequality—which is a necessary and sufficient condition for the security of quantum cryptography protocols— is established. This becomes the more important since CP symmetry is related to the cosmological question why the antimatter disappeared after the Big Bang.
During the 1960s, Bell produced his seminal work on the foundations of quantum theory, first showing that, contrary to von Neumann’s argument, hidden variable theories were allowed but then that they had to be non-local. Thus, he showed that quantum theory did not respect local causality, and he outlined experiments that could be used to test whether the assumption of local realism was true in quantum theory: Bell’s theorem, or Bell’s inequality, or Bell’s inequalities. His work was followed up by John Clauser, Abner Shimony, Michael Horne, and Richard Holt, who produced the CHSH inequality. Bell had moved to CERN, where he worked on the theory of neutrino experiments, and on nuclear and elementary particle physics, making crucial suggestions concerning the use of gauge theory for each type of physical force and also producing the Adler–Bell–Jackiw anomaly, or the ABJ anomaly.
The Classic Physics and the Quantum Physics are two branches of the nowadays Science of Physics, which are still incompatible. Einstein's Relativity theories, which are the leading acceptable theories of the nowadays Classic Physics, present the Universe as a "Block Universe", in which Time is not a flow of events, where the past vanishes and does not exist anymore, and the future is not yet created. Instead, the "Block Universe" model presents that the past, present and future are all equally real and coexist tenselessly, and everything, the past, present and future are all predefined and engraved in that "Block Universe" model of the Universe. On the other hand, the Quantum Mechanics presents, that the future is created continuously when particles interact with the environment, and the state of each particle is presented by what the Quantum Mechanics denotes as the "Wave Function" which presents the probabilities to find the particle in various locations, such that, before the particle is measured, or interacts with the environment, it can actually be in all those locations at once, and only after the particle is measured, or interacts with the environment, the "Wave Function Collapses" and the particle "chooses" randomly, to be only in one specific location. Actually, that "Wave Function Collapse" is one of the most mysterious phenomena in Physics. But it seems that Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, settled that long debate about it, providing the means to establish that the Quantum Mechanics view on this matter is the correct view and the Classic Physics and Einstein's Relativity theories view on this matter is not correct. Bell's Inequality provided the logic and the mathematics behind this decision, and physicists such as Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, who also won the Nobel prize on that, provided the experimental justification. However, although the above debate was settled, there is also still a need, to understand more precisely, what actually happens in experiments relating to Quantum entangled particles, which is what was tested in Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger experiments. The author of this paper refers to additional papers, by the author of this paper, which present significant and reasonable arguments, which argue that the nowadays branch of the Classic Physics might be misleading in how it presents the concept of the Space-Time. These additional papers propose to replace the Einstein's "Block Universe" model of the Universe with an alternate model, of a Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, in which, each Energy might embed its own private Space-Time facet, or attribute, such that each such Space-Time cannot be considered to be a real entity, that really exists in the Universe. And this paper argues, that Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, might be also used to support the above-mentioned Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, and this might also fill in the above-mentioned gap, which might be the need, to understand more precisely, what actually happens in experiments relating to Quantum entangled particles, which is what was tested in Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger experiments. In addition to the above, the above-mentioned additional papers, also propose additional experiments, based only on the Classic Physics, which if implemented successfully, might provide additional validity to the proposed Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe. The support that might be provided to the proposed model, of a Multi-Space-Times of the Universe, by the Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, is still based on the Quantum Mechanics. Thus, because these additional experiments, proposed in the above-mentioned additional papers, are based only on the Classic Physics, this might also provide a lead for further narrowing the gap between the Classic Physics and the Quantum Physics. Thus, an implementation of the above-mentioned experiments, or any other experiments that might provide validity to the proposed Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, as presented in the above-mentioned papers, should be an important and a significant endeavor.
The Classic Physics and the Quantum Physics are two branches of the nowadays Science of Physics, which are still incompatible. Einstein's Relativity theories, which are the leading acceptable theories of the nowadays Classic Physics, present the Universe as a "Block Universe", in which Time is not a flow of events, where the past vanishes and does not exist anymore, and the future is not yet created. Instead, the "Block Universe" model presents that the past, present and future are all equally real and coexist tenselessly, and everything, the past, present and future are all predefined and engraved in that "Block Universe" model of the Universe. On the other hand, the Quantum Mechanics presents, that the future is created continuously when particles interact with the environment, and the state of each particle is presented by what the Quantum Mechanics denotes as the "Wave Function" which presents the probabilities to find the particle in various locations, such that, before the particle is measured, or interacts with the environment, it can actually be in all those locations at once, and only after the particle is measured, or interacts with the environment, the "Wave Function Collapses" and the particle "chooses" randomly, to be only in one specific location. Actually, that "Wave Function Collapse" is one of the most mysterious phenomena in Physics. But it seems that Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, settled that long debate about it, providing the means to establish that the Quantum Mechanics view on this matter is the correct view and the Classic Physics and Einstein's Relativity theories view on this matter is not correct. Bell's Inequality provided the logic and the mathematics behind this decision, and physicists such as Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, who also won the Nobel prize on that, provided the experimental justification. However, although the above debate was settled, there is also still a need, to understand more precisely, what actually happens in experiments relating to Quantum entangled particles, which is what was tested in Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger experiments. The author of this paper refers to additional papers, by the author of this paper, which present significant and reasonable arguments, which argue that the nowadays branch of the Classic Physics might be misleading in how it presents the concept of the Space-Time. These additional papers propose to replace the Einstein's "Block Universe" model of the Universe with an alternate model, of a Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, in which, each Energy might embed its own private Space-Time facet, or attribute, such that each such Space-Time cannot be considered to be a real entity, that really exists in the Universe. And this paper argues, that Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, might be also used to support the above-mentioned Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, and this might also fill in the above-mentioned gap, which might be the need, to understand more precisely, what actually happens in experiments relating to Quantum entangled particles, which is what was tested in Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger experiments. In addition to the above, the above-mentioned additional papers, also propose additional experiments, based only on the Classic Physics, which if implemented successfully, might provide additional validity to the proposed Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe. The support that might be provided to the proposed model, of a Multi-Space-Times of the Universe, by the Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, is still based on the Quantum Mechanics. Thus, because these additional experiments, proposed in the above-mentioned additional papers, are based only on the Classic Physics, this might also provide a lead for further narrowing the gap between the Classic Physics and the Quantum Physics. Thus, an implementation of the above-mentioned experiments, or any other experiments that might provide validity to the proposed Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, as presented in the above-mentioned papers, should be an important and a significant endeavor.