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arXiv:1501.07317 · Physical Review A

Efficient scheme for experimental quantification of non-Markovianity in high-dimensional systems

Shaojun Dong, Bi‐Heng Liu, Yong‐Jian Han, Guang‐Can Guo, Lixin He

Published Apr 13, 2015• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The non-Markovianity is a prominent concept of the dynamics of open quantum systems, which is of fundamental importance in quantum mechanics and quantum information. Despite lots of efforts, the experimental measurement of non-Markovianity of an open system is still limited to very small systems. Presently, it is still impossible to experimentally quantify the non-Markovianity of high-dimensional systems with the widely used Breuer-Laine-Piilo trace distance measure. In this paper, we propose a method, combining experimental measurements and numerical calculations, that allow quantifying the non-Markovianity of an $N$-dimensional system only scaled as ${N}^{2}$, successfully avoiding the exponential scaling with the dimension of the open system in the current method. After the benchmark with a two-dimensional open system, we demonstrate the method in quantifying the non-Markovanity of a high-dimensional open quantum random walk system.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.91.042317

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The non-Markovianity is a prominent concept of the dynamics of open quantum systems, which is of fundamental importance in quantum mechanics and quantum information. Despite lots of efforts, the experimental measurement of non-Markovianity of an open system is still limited to very small systems. Presently, it is still impossible to experimentally quantify the non-Markovianity of high-dimensional systems with the widely used Breuer-Laine-Piilo trace distance measure. In this paper, we propose a method, combining experimental measurements and numerical calculations, that allow quantifying the non-Markovianity of an NNN-dimensional system only scaled as N2{N}^{2}N2, successfully avoiding the exponential scaling with the dimension of the open system in the current method. After the benchmark with a two-dimensional open system, we demonstrate the method in quantifying the non-Markovanity of a high-dimensional open quantum random walk system.
Trace distance is available to capture the dynamical information of the unital aspect of a quantum process. However, it cannot reflect the nonunital part. So the nondivisibility originating from the nonunital aspect cannot be revealed by the corresponding measure based on the trace distance. We provide a measure of nonunital non-Markovianity of quantum processes, which is a supplement to Breuer-Laine-Piilo (BLP) non-Markovianity measure. A measure of the degree of the nonunitality is also provided.
We introduce a non-Markovianity measure for continuous-variable open quantum systems based on the idea put forward in H.-P. Breuer et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 210401 (2009);], that is, by quantifying the flow of information from the environment back to the open system. Instead of the trace distance we use here the fidelity to assess distinguishability of quantum states. We employ our measure to evaluate non-Markovianity of two paradigmatic Gaussian channels: the purely damping channel and the quantum Brownian motion channel with Ohmic environment. We consider different classes of Gaussian states and look for pairs of states maximizing the backflow of information. For coherent states we find simple analytical solutions, whereas for squeezed states we provide both exact numerical and approximate analytical solutions in the weak coupling limit.
Characterization of non-Markovian open quantum dynamics is both of theoretical and practical relevance. In a seminal work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 040405 (2018)], a necessary and sufficient quantum Markov condition is proposed, with a clear operational interpretation and correspondence with the classical limit. Here we propose two non-Markovianity measures for general open quantum dynamics, which are fully reconciled with the Markovian limit and can be efficiently calculated based on the multi-time quantum measurements of the system. A heuristic algorithm for reconstructing the underlying open quantum dynamics is proposed, whose complexity is directly related to the proposed non-Markovianity measures. The non-Markovianity measures and the reconstruction algorithm are demonstrated with numerical examples, together with a careful reexamination of the non-Markovianity in quantum dephasing dynamics.
Abstract We investigate measures of non-Markovianity in open quantum systems governed by Gaussian free fermionic dynamics. Standard indicators of non-Markovian behavior, such as the BLP and LFS measures, are revisited in this context. We show that for Gaussian states, trace-based distances—specifically the Hilbert–Schmidt norm—and second-order Rényi mutual information can be efficiently expressed in terms of two-point correlation functions, enabling practical computation even in systems where the full-density matrix is intractable. Crucially, this framework remains valid even when the density matrix of the system is an average over stochastic Gaussian trajectories, yielding a non-Gaussian state. We present efficient numerical protocols based on this structure and demonstrate their feasibility through a small-scale simulation. Our approach opens a scalable path to quantifying non-Markovianity in interacting or measured fermionic systems, with applications in quantum information and non-equilibrium quantum dynamics. Graphic Abstract
We construct a general measure for the degree of non-Markovian behavior in open quantum systems. This measure is based on the trace distance which quantifies the distinguishability of quantum states. It represents a functional of the dynamical map describing the time evolution of physical states, and can be interpreted in terms of the information flow between the open system and its environment. The measure takes on nonzero values whenever there is a flow of information from the environment back to the open system, which is the key feature of non-Markovian dynamics.
Calculating the degree of non-Markovianity of a quantum process, for a high-dimensional system, is a difficult task given complex maximization problems. Focusing on the entanglement-based measure of non-Markovianity we propose a numerically feasible quantifier for finite-dimensional systems. We define the non-Markovianity measure in terms of a class of entanglement quantifiers named witnessed entanglement which allow us to write several entanglement based measures of non-Markovianity in a unique formalism. In this formalism, we show that the non-Markovianity, in a given time interval, can be witnessed by calculating the expectation value of an observable, making it attractive for experimental investigations. Following this property we introduce a quantifier base on the entanglement witness in an interval of time; we show that measure is a bonafide measure of non-Markovianity. In our example, we use the generalized robustness of entanglement, an entanglement measure that can be readily calculated by a semidefinite programming method, to study impurity atoms coupled to a Bose-Einstein condensate.