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arXiv:1501.02957 · Physical Review A

Separability of a mixture of Dicke states

Nengkun Yu

Published Dec 16, 2016• 43 citations
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Abstract

The structural relation between multipartite entanglement and symmetry is one of the central mysteries of quantum mechanics. In this paper, we study the separability of quantum states in the bosonic system. We show that a mixture of multiqubit Dicke states is separable if and only if its partial transpose is positive semidefinite, which confirms the hypothesis of Wolfe and Yelin [E. Wolfe and S. F. Yelin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 140402 (2014)]. We generalize this result to a class of bosonic states in the $d\ensuremath{\bigotimes}d$ system; and for general $d$, we determine its separability is NP-hard although verifiable conditions for separability are easily derived when $d=3,4$.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.94.060101

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The structural relation between multipartite entanglement and symmetry is one of the central mysteries of quantum mechanics. In this paper, we study the separability of quantum states in the bosonic system. We show that a mixture of multiqubit Dicke states is separable if and only if its partial transpose is positive semidefinite, which confirms the hypothesis of Wolfe and Yelin [E. Wolfe and S. F. Yelin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 140402 (2014)]. We generalize this result to a class of bosonic states in the d\ensuremath⨂dd\ensuremath{\bigotimes}dd\ensuremath⨂d system; and for general ddd, we determine its separability is NP-hard although verifiable conditions for separability are easily derived when d=3,4d=3,4d=3,4.
We provide a complete mathematical theory for the entanglement of mixtures of Dicke states. These quantum states form an important subclass of bosonic states arising in the study of indistinguishable particles. We introduce a tensor-based parametrization where the diagonal entries of these states are encoded as a symmetric tensor, enabling a direct translation between entanglement properties and well-studied convex cones of tensors. Our results bridge multipartite entanglement theory with semialgebraic geometry and the theory of completely positive and copositive tensors. This dictionary maps separability to completely positive tensors, the PPT property to moment tensors, entanglement witnesses to copositive tensors, and decomposable witnesses to sum of squares tensors. Using this framework, we construct explicit PPT entangled states in three or more qutrits, disproving a recent conjecture. We establish that PPT entanglement exists for all multipartite systems with local dimension d >= 3 and n >= 3 parties. We also show that, for mixtures of Dicke states, the PPT condition with respect to the most balanced bipartition implies all other PPT conditions. We further connect bosonic extendibility of mixtures of Dicke states to the duals of known hierarchies for non-negative polynomials, such as the ones by Reznick and Polya. We thus provide semidefinite programming relaxations for separability and entanglement testing in the Dicke subspace.
For multipartite states, we consider a notion of DDD symmetry. For a system of NNN qubits, it coincides with the usual permutational symmetry. In the case of NNN qudits ($d\ensuremath{\ge}3$), the DDD symmetry is stronger than the permutational one. For the space of all D\mathrm{D}D-symmetric vectors in ${({\mathbb{C}}^{d})}^{\ensuremath{\bigotimes}N}$, we define a basis composed of vectors ${|{R}_{N,d;k}\ensuremath{\rangle}:\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}0\ensuremath{\le}k\ensuremath{\le}N(d\ensuremath{-}1)}$ which are analogs of Dicke states. The aim of this paper is to discuss the problem of separability of DDD-symmetric states which are diagonal in the basis ${|{R}_{N,d;k}\ensuremath{\rangle}}$. We show that if NNN is even and $d\ensuremath{\ge}2$ is arbitrary then a positive partial transposition property is a necessary and sufficient condition of separability for DDD-invariant diagonal states. In this way, we generalize results obtained by Yu [Phys. Rev. A 94, 060101(R) (2016)] and Wolfe and Yelin [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 140402 (2014)]. Our strategy is to use some classical mathematical results on a moment problem.
Abstract Symmetry is one of the central mysteries of quantum mechanics and plays an essential role in multipartite entanglement. In this paper, we consider the separability problem of quantum states in the symmetric space. We establish the relation between the separability of multiqubit symmetric states and the decomposability of Hermitian positive semidefinite matrices. This relation allows us to exchange concepts and ideas between quantum entanglement and Vandermonde decomposition. As an application, we build a suite of tools to investigate the decomposability and show the power of this relation both in theoretical and numerical aspects. For theoretical results, we establish the witness for the decomposability similar to the entanglement witness and characterize the decomposability of some subclasses of matrices. Furthermore, we provide the necessary conditions for the decomposability. Besides, we suggest a numerical algorithm to check whether a given matrix is decomposable. The numerical examples are tested to show the effectiveness.
We study the separability problem in mixtures of Dicke states i.e., the separability of the so-called Diagonal Symmetric (DS) states. First, we show that separability in the case of DS in Cd⊗CdC^d\otimes C^dCd⊗Cd (symmetric qudits) can be reformulated as a quadratic conic optimization problem. This connection allows us to exchange concepts and ideas between quantum information and this field of mathematics. For instance, copositive matrices can be understood as indecomposable entanglement witnesses for DS states. As a consequence, we show that positivity of the partial transposition (PPT) is sufficient and necessary for separability of DS states for d≤4d \leq 4d≤4. Furthermore, for d≥5d \geq 5d≥5, we provide analytic examples of PPT-entangled states. Second, we develop new sufficient separability conditions beyond the PPT criterion for bipartite DS states. Finally, we focus on NNN-partite DS qubits, where PPT is known to be necessary and sufficient for separability. In this case, we present a family of almost DS states that are PPT with respect to each partition but nevertheless entangled.
We study families of positive and completely positive maps acting on a bipartite system ${\mathbb{C}}^{M}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{\mathbb{C}}^{N}$ (with $M\ensuremath{\le}N$). The maps have a property that, when applied to any state (of a given entanglement class), result in a separable state or, more generally, a state of another certain entanglement class (e.g., Schmidt number $\ensuremath{\le}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}k$). This allows us to derive useful families of sufficient separability criteria. Explicit examples of such criteria have been constructed for arbitrary M,NM,NM,N, with a special emphasis on M=2M=2M=2. Our results can be viewed as generalizations of the known facts that in the sufficiently close vicinity of the completely depolarized state (the normalized identity matrix), all states are separable (belong to ``weakly'' entangled classes). Alternatively, some of our results can be viewed as an entanglement classification for a certain family of states, corresponding to mixtures of the completely polarized state with pure states, partial transposes, and/or local transformations thereof.