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arXiv:1501.02908 · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields

Holographic entanglement entropy in the nonconformal medium

Chanyong Park B

Published Jun 11, 2015• 24 citations
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Abstract

We investigate holographically the entanglement entropy of a nonconformal medium whose dual geometry is described by an Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton theory. Because of an additional conserved charge corresponding to the number operator, its thermodynamics can be represented in a grand canonical or canonical ensemble. We study thermodynamics in both ensembles by using the holographic renormalization and the entanglement entropy of a nonconformal medium. After defining the entanglement chemical potential, which unlike the entanglement temperature has a nontrivial size dependence, we find that the entanglement entropy of a small subsystem satisfies the relation resembling the first law of thermodynamics in a medium. Furthermore, we study the entanglement entropy change in the nonconformal medium caused by the excitation of the ground state and by the global quench corresponding to the insertion of particles.

DOI
10.1103/physrevd.91.126003

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We investigate holographically the entanglement entropy of a nonconformal medium whose dual geometry is described by an Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton theory. Because of an additional conserved charge corresponding to the number operator, its thermodynamics can be represented in a grand canonical or canonical ensemble. We study thermodynamics in both ensembles by using the holographic renormalization and the entanglement entropy of a nonconformal medium. After defining the entanglement chemical potential, which unlike the entanglement temperature has a nontrivial size dependence, we find that the entanglement entropy of a small subsystem satisfies the relation resembling the first law of thermodynamics in a medium. Furthermore, we study the entanglement entropy change in the nonconformal medium caused by the excitation of the ground state and by the global quench corresponding to the insertion of particles.
We study thermodynamics of entanglement entropy for weakly excited states in certain nonconformal field theories, whose gravity duals are given by nonconformal Dp-branes. We observe that the entanglement entropy of a sufficiently small system in nonconformal backgrounds still obeys a first-law-like relation, just as the anti--de Sitter counterparts investigated in [J. Bhattacharya, M. Nozaki, T. Takayanagi, and T. Ugajin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 091602 (2013)]. The effective temperature is proportional to the inverse of the size of the subsystem. The proportionality is a dimensionless constant which is only determined by the shape of the entangling region and independent of any coupling. This universality is confirmed by working with the 10-dimensional string frame metric as well as the lower-dimensional effective metric. When the entangling region is a strip and translational invariance is broken by metric fluctuations, we derive a first-law-like relation where additional components of the stress energy tensor are involved.
We study the holographic entanglement entropy of nonlocal field theories at both extremality and finite temperature. The gravity duals, constructed by Nozaki et al. [J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2012) 193], are characterized by a parameter www. Both the zero-temperature backgrounds and the finite-temperature counterparts are exact solutions of Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton theory. For the extremal case we consider the examples where the entangling regions are a strip and a sphere. We find that the leading-order behavior of the entanglement entropy always exhibits a volume law when the size of the entangling region is sufficiently small. We also clarify the condition under which the next-to-leading-order result is universal. For the finite-temperature case we obtain analytic expressions in both the high-temperature and low-temperature limits. In the former case the leading-order result approaches the thermal entropy, while the finite contribution to the entanglement entropy at extremality can be extracted by taking the zero-temperature limit in the latter case. Moreover, we observe some peculiar properties of the holographic entanglement entropy when w=1w=1w=1.
Utilizing the holographic technique, we investigate how the entanglement entropy evolves along the renormalization group flow. After introducing a new generalized temperature which satisfies the thermodynamicslike law even in the IR regime, we find that the renormalized entropy and the generalized temperature in the IR limit approach the thermal entropy and thermodynamic temperature of a real thermal system. This result implies that the microscopic quantum entanglement entropy in the IR region leads to the thermodynamic relation up to small quantum corrections caused by the quantum entanglement near the entangling surface. Intriguingly, this IR feature of the entanglement entropy universally happens regardless of the detail of the dual field theory and the shape of the entangling surface. We check this IR universality with a most general geometry called the hyperscaling violation geometry which is dual to a relativistic nonconformal field theory.
We use holographic duality to study the entanglement entropy (EE) of Conformal Field Theories (CFTs) in various spacetime dimensions d, in the presence of various deformations: a relevant Lorentz scalar operator with constant source, a temperature T , a chemical potential μ, a marginal Lorentz scalar operator with source linear in a spatial coordinate, and a circle-compactified spatial direction. We consider EE between a strip or sphere sub-region and the rest of the system, and define the “entanglement density” (ED) as the change in EE due to the deformation, divided by the sub-region’s volume. Using the deformed CFTs above, we show how the ED’s dependence on the strip width or sphere radius, L, is useful for characterizing states of matter. For example, the ED’s small-L behavior is determined either by the dimension of the perturbing operator or by the first law of EE. For Lorentz-invariant renormalization group (RG) flows between CFTs, the “area theorem” states that the coefficient of the EE’s area law term must be larger in the UV than in the IR. In these cases the ED must therefore approach zero from below as L→∞. However, when Lorentz symmetry is broken and the IR fixed point has different scaling from the UV, we find that the ED often approaches the thermal entropy density from above, indicating area theorem violation.
From black hole thermodynamics, the Bekenstein bound has been proposed as a universal thermal entropy bound. It has been further generalized to an entanglement entropy bound which is valid even in a quantum system. In a quantumly entangled system, the non-negativity of the relative entropy leads to the entanglement entropy bound. When the entanglement entropy bound is saturated, a quantum system satisfies the thermodynamicslike law with an appropriately defined entanglement temperature. We show that the saturation of the entanglement entropy bound accounts for a universal feature of the entanglement temperature proportional to the inverse of the system size. In addition, we show that the deformed modular Hamiltonian under a global quench also satisfies the generalized entanglement entropy boundary after introducing a new quantity called the entanglement chemical potential.
We consider the entanglement entropy in 2d conformal field theory in a class of excited states produced by the insertion of a heavy local operator. These include both high-energy eigenstates of the Hamiltonian and time-dependent local quenches. We compute the universal contribution from the stress tensor to the single interval Renyi entropies and entanglement entropy, and conjecture that this dominates the answer in theories with a large central charge and a sparse spectrum of low-dimension operators. The resulting entanglement entropies agree precisely with holographic calculations in three-dimensional gravity. High-energy eigenstates are dual to microstates of the BTZ black hole, so the corresponding holographic calculation is a geodesic length in the black hole geometry; agreement between these two answers demonstrates that these individual microstates of holographic CFTs effectively thermalize at the level of the single-interval entanglement entropy. For local quenches, the dual geometry is a highly boosted black hole or conical defect. On the CFT side, the rise in entanglement entropy after a quench is directly related to the monodromy of a Virasoro conformal block.