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arXiv:1412.8325 · Scientific Reports

Non-commutativity measure of quantum discord

Yu Jing Guo

Published Apr 28, 2016• 25 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum discord is a manifestation of quantum correlations due to non-commutativity rather than entanglement. Two measures of quantum discord by the amount of non-commutativity via the trace norm and the Hilbert-Schmidt norm respectively are proposed in this paper. These two measures can be calculated easily for any state with arbitrary dimension. It is shown by several examples that these measures can reflect the amount of the original quantum discord.

DOI
10.1038/srep25241

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Quantum discord is a manifestation of quantum correlations due to non-commutativity rather than entanglement. Two measures of quantum discord by the amount of non-commutativity via the trace norm and the Hilbert-Schmidt norm respectively are proposed in this paper. These two measures can be calculated easily for any state with arbitrary dimension. It is shown by several examples that these measures can reflect the amount of the original quantum discord.
In this paper, we are concerned with the non-commutativity measure of quantum discord. We first present an explicit expression of the non-commutativity measure of quantum discord in the two-qubit case. Then we compare the geometric quantum discords for two dynamic models with their non-commutativity measure of quantum discords. Furthermore, we show that the results conducted by the non-commutativity measure of quantum discord are different from those conducted by both or one of the Hilbert-Schmidt distance discord and trace distance discord. These intrinsic differences indicate that the non-commutativity measure of quantum discord is incompatible with at least one of the well-known geometric quantum discords in the quantitative and qualitative representation of quantum correlations.
It has recently been pointed out that the geometric quantum discord, as defined by the Hilbert-Schmidt norm (2-norm), is not a good measure of quantum correlations, since it may increase under local reversible operations on the unmeasured subsystem. Here, we revisit the geometric discord by considering general Schatten ppp-norms, explicitly showing that the 1-norm is the only ppp-norm able to define a consistent quantum correlation measure. In addition, by restricting the optimization to the tetrahedron of two-qubit Bell-diagonal states, we provide an analytical expression for the 1-norm geometric discord, which turns out to be equivalent to the negativity of quantumness. We illustrate the measure by analyzing its monotonicity properties.
In order to measure the quantum correlation of a bipartite state quickly, an easy method is to construct a test matrix through the commutations among the blocks of its density matrix. Then, the Frobenius norm of the test matrix can be used to measure the quantum correlation. In this paper, we apply the measurement by Frobenius norm ([Formula: see text] to the dynamics evolution of the non-Markovian quantum system and compare it with the typical quantum discord ([Formula: see text] proposed by Ollivier and Zurek. The research results show that [Formula: see text] can indeed measure the quantum correlation of a bipartite state as same as [Formula: see text]. Further studies find that there are still differences between the two measurements: in some regions, when [Formula: see text] is zero, [Formula: see text] is not zero. It indicates that [Formula: see text] is more detailed than [Formula: see text] to measure quantum correlation of a bipartite state.
It has been proven that the quantum discord is a more general tool to capture non-classical correlation than quantum entanglement, because there is a non-zero quantum discord in several mixed states that could not be measured by quantum entanglement. But because of optimization part in formulating quantum discord, it is very difficult and nearly impossible to find quantum discord for some quantum states. So people proposed geometric quantum discord, which in a bipartite state could be describe as the distance of the states from the closest zero-discord state. To understand better geometric quantum discord, this paper is devoted to compare it with quantum discord and measurement induced non-locality that is in some sense dual to the geometric quantum discord. As studying the quantum correlation experimentally is one of the important thing in quantum information processing, so as our example for illustrating the difference of geometric quantum discord, quantum discord and measurement induced non-locality, our quantum system is a dimer (two spin-1/2 particles) in multiple quantum nuclear magnetic resonance.
Quantum discord, a measure of genuinely quantum correlations, is generalized to continuous variable systems. For all two-mode Gaussian states, we calculate analytically the quantum discord and a related measure of classical correlations, solving an optimization over all Gaussian measurements. Almost all two-mode Gaussian states are shown to have quantum correlations, while for separable states, the discord is smaller than unity. For a given amount of entanglement, it admits tight upper and lower bounds. Via a duality between entanglement and classical correlations, we derive a closed formula for the Gaussian entanglement of formation of a family of three-mode Gaussian states.
Quantum discord is a prominent measure of quantum correlations, playing an important role in expanding its horizon beyond entanglement. Here we provide an operational meaning of (geometric) discord, which quantifies the amount of nonclassical correlations of an arbitrary quantum system based on its minimal distance from the set of classical states, in terms of teleportation fidelity for general two-qubit and ($d\ensuremath{\bigotimes}d$)-dimensional isotropic and Werner states. A critical value of the discord is found beyond which the two-qubit state must violate Bell's inequality. This is illustrated by an open-system model of a dissipative two-qubit state. For the ($d\ensuremath{\bigotimes}d$)-dimensional states the lower bound of discord is shown to be obtainable from an experimentally measurable witness operator.