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arXiv:1412.7179 · Physical Review Letters

One-Dimensional Liquid He4 : Dynamical Properties beyond Luttinger-Liquid Theory

Gianluca Bertaina, Mário Motta, M. Rossi, E. Vitali, Davide Emilio Galli

Published Apr 1, 2016• 54 citations
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Abstract

We compute the zero-temperature dynamical structure factor of one-dimensional liquid ^{4}He by means of state-of-the-art quantum Monte Carlo and analytic continuation techniques. By increasing the density, the dynamical structure factor reveals a transition from a highly compressible critical liquid to a quasisolid regime. In the low-energy limit, the dynamical structure factor can be described by the quantum hydrodynamic Luttinger-liquid theory, with a Luttinger parameter spanning all possible values by increasing the density. At higher energies, our approach provides quantitative results beyond the Luttinger-liquid theory. In particular, as the density increases, the interplay between dimensionality and interaction makes the dynamical structure factor manifest a pseudo-particle-hole continuum typical of fermionic systems. At the low-energy boundary of such a region and moderate densities, we find consistency, within statistical uncertainties, with predictions of a power-law structure by the recently developed nonlinear Luttinger-liquid theory. In the quasisolid regime, we observe a novel behavior at intermediate momenta, which can be described by new analytical relations that we derive for the hard-rods model.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.116.135302

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For many years, the Luttinger liquid theory has served as a useful paradigm for the description of one-dimensional (1D) quantum fluids in the limit of low energies. This theory is based on a linearization of the dispersion relation of the particles constituting the fluid. Recent progress in understanding 1D quantum fluids beyond the low-energy limit is reviewed, where the nonlinearity of the dispersion relation becomes essential. The novel methods which have been developed to tackle such systems combine phenomenology built on the ideas of the Fermi-edge singularity and the Fermi-liquid theory, perturbation theory in the interaction strength, and new ways of treating finite-size properties of integrable models. These methods can be applied to a wide variety of 1D fluids, from 1D spin liquids to electrons in quantum wires to cold atoms confined by 1D traps. Existing results for various dynamic correlation functions are reviewed, in particular, the dynamic structure factor and the spectral function. Moreover, it is shown how a dispersion nonlinearity leads to finite particle lifetimes and its impact on the transport properties of 1D systems at finite temperatures is discussed. The conventional Luttinger liquid theory is a special limit of the new theory, and the relation between the two is explained.
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We study the quantum hard-rods model and obtain compact analytical expressions for density form factors, and a semi-analytical treatment for dynamic and static structure factors calculations, greatly reducing computational complexity. We identify conditions under which these form factors vanish and analyze real-space correlations, confirming the model's Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid behavior. The results reveal universal features of low energy physics of a gapless quantum fluid and its relation to Luttinger liquid theory, providing precise benchmarks for numerical simulations. This work establishes quantum hard rods as an important testbed for theories of strongly correlated one-dimensional systems.