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arXiv:1412.0213

Entanglement and separability of qubits systems related to measurement processes, Hilbert-Schmidt(HS)decompositions and general Bell states

Y. Ben-Aryeh

Published Nov 30, 2014• 1 citation
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Abstract

Separability and entanglement for n-qubits systems are quantified by using Hilbert-Schmidt (HS) decompositions in which the density matrices are decomposed into various terms representing certain one qubit, two-qubits,and larger qubits measurements. The present method is more general than previous methods for bipartite systems as it can be used for quantification of entanglement for large n-qubits systems.We demonstrate the use of such method by analyzing three qubits GHZ states, and three qubits general Bell states produced by a certain multiplications of Braid operators, operating on the computational basis of states. Quantum correlations are obtained by measuring all qubits of these systems, while a measurement of a part of the system gives only classical correlations. Quantification of entanglement for these systems is given by the use of HS decompositions.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1412.0213

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Separability and entanglement for n-qubits systems are quantified by using Hilbert-Schmidt (HS) decompositions in which the density matrices are decomposed into various terms representing certain one qubit, two-qubits,and larger qubits measurements. The present method is more general than previous methods for bipartite systems as it can be used for quantification of entanglement for large n-qubits systems.We demonstrate the use of such method by analyzing three qubits GHZ states, and three qubits general Bell states produced by a certain multiplications of Braid operators, operating on the computational basis of states. Quantum correlations are obtained by measuring all qubits of these systems, while a measurement of a part of the system gives only classical correlations. Quantification of entanglement for these systems is given by the use of HS decompositions.
The present work studies quantum and classical correlations in three qubits and four qubits general Bell states, produced by operating with braid operators on the computational basis of states. The analogies between the general three qubits and four qubits Bell states and that of two qubits Bell states are discussed. The general Bell states are shown to be maximal entangled, i.e., with quantum correlations which are lost by tracing these states over one qubit, remaining only with classical correlations, as shown by HS decomposition.
Hilbert–Schmidt (HS) decompositions are employed for analyzing systems of [Formula: see text]-qubit, and a qubit with a qudit. Negative eigenvalues, obtained by partial-transpose (PT) plus local unitary (PTU) transformations for one qubit from the whole system, are used for indicating entanglement/separability. A sufficient criterion for full separability of the [Formula: see text]-qubit and qubit–qudit systems is given. We use the singular value decomposition (SVD) for improving the criterion for full separability. General properties of entanglement and separability are analyzed for a system of a qubit and a qudit and [Formula: see text]-qubit systems, with emphasis on maximally disordered subsystems (MDS) (i.e. density matrices for which tracing over any subsystem gives the unit density matrix). A sufficient condition that [Formula: see text] (MDS) is not separable is that it has an eigenvalue larger than [Formula: see text] for a qubit and a qudit, and larger than [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text]-qubit system. The PTU transformation does not change the eigenvalues of the [Formula: see text]-qubit MDS density matrices for odd [Formula: see text]. Thus, the Peres–Horodecki (PH) criterion does not give any information about entanglement of these density matrices. The PH criterion may be useful for indicating inseparability for even [Formula: see text]. The changes of the entanglement and separability properties of the GHZ state, the Braid entangled state and the [Formula: see text] state by mixing them with white noise are analyzed by the use of the present methods. The entanglement and separability properties of the GHZ-diagonal density matrices, composed of mixture of 8[Formula: see text]GHZ density matrices with probabilities [Formula: see text], is analyzed as function of these probabilities. In some cases, we show that the PH criterion is both sufficient and necessary.
Hilbert-Schmidt (HS) decompositions are employed for analyzing systems of n-qubits, and a qubit with a qudit. Negative eigenvalues, obtained by partial-transpose (PT) plus local unitary transformations (PTU) for one qubit from the whole system, are used for indicating inseparability. A sufficient criterion for full separability of the n-qubits and qubit-qudit systems is given. We use the singular value decomposition (SVD) for improving the criterion for full separability. General properties of entanglement and separability are analyzed for a system of a qubit and a qudit and n-qubits systems, with emphasis on maximally disordered subsystems (MDS) (i.e., density matrices rho(MDS) for which tracing over any subsystem gives the unit density matrix). A sufficient condition that rho(MDS) is not separable is that it has an eigenvalue larger than 1/d for a qubit and a qudit, and larger than 1/2^(n-1) for n-qubits system. The PTU transformation does not change the eigenvalues of the n-qubits MDS density matrices for odd n. Thus the Peres-Horodecki criterion does not give any information about entanglement of these density matrices, but this criterion is useful for indicating inseparability for even n. The changes of the entanglement and separability properties of the GHZ state, the Braid entangled state and the W state by mixing them with white noise are analyzed by the use of the present methods. The entanglement and separability properties of the GHZ-diagonal density matrices, composed of mixture of 8 GHZ density matrices with probabilities p(i), is analyzed as function of these probabilities. In some cases we show that the Peres-Horodecki criterion is both sufficient and necessary.
The use of the Bngroup operators is developed for implementing entangling processes for large n-qubits systems (n > 2). By operating with the Bngroup operators on the computational basis of states, entangled states are obtained with properties analogous to those of the 2-qubits Bell states. Tracing any qubit from the 3-qubits Bnentangled states, we get mixed states which are separable with zero concurrence, and correspondingly with only classical correlations. These properties are generalized to larger Bnentangled states (n > 3). The properties of the Bnentangled states are analyzed by the use of Hilbert–Schmidt (HS) decompositions.
A new method is developed for obtaining entanglement witnesses (EW) and Bell operators for n-qubit state. Observing that both EW and Bell operators must have nonzero overlap with the given state we suggest constructing them using some of the terms that appear in the Hilbert-Schmidt (HS) decomposition of the state (not necessarily with the same coefficients). We illustrate the method for several 3 and 4 qubits states, and show improvement of the entanglement region compared with known results. Since the Bell operator and the EW may be restricted to few HS terms, separability/nonseparability of the quantum state can be checked by measuring only these terms.
Explicitly separable density matrices are constructed for all separable two-qubits states based on Hilbert–Schmidt (HS) decompositions. For density matrices which include only two-qubits correlations the number of HS parameters is reduced to 3 by using local rotations, and for two-qubits states which include single qubit measurements, the number of parameters is reduced to 4 by local Lorentz transformations. For both cases, we related the absolute values of the HS parameters to probabilities, and the outer products of various Pauli matrices were transformed to pure state density matrices products. We discuss related problems for three-qubits. For n-qubits correlation systems ([Formula: see text]) the sufficient condition for separability may be improved by local transformations, related to high order singular value decompositions (SVDs).