Random Numbers determine the security level of cryptographic applications as they are used to generate padding schemes in the encryption/decryption process as well as used to generate cryptographic keys. This paper utilizes the QKD to generate a random quantum bit rely on BB84 protocol, using the NIST and DIEHARD randomness test algorithms to test and evaluate the randomness rates for key generation. The results show that the bits generated using QKD are truly random, which in turn, overcomes the distance limitation (associated with QKD) issue, its well-known challenges with the sending/ receiving data process between different communication parties
Random Numbers determine the security level of cryptographic applications as they are used to generate padding schemes in the encryption/decryption process as well as used to generate cryptographic keys. This paper utilizes the QKD to generate a random quantum bit rely on BB84 protocol, using the NIST and DIEHARD randomness test algorithms to test and evaluate the randomness rates for key generation. The results show that the bits generated using QKD are truly random, which in turn, overcomes the distance limitation (associated with QKD) issue, its well-known challenges with the sending/ receiving data process between different communication parties
Recently, Quantum cryptography researchers utilize the quantum keys, in order to provide a more trusted environment for both key distribution and management processes. The quantum keys are generated based on quantum mechanics phenomena. However, all events for the quantum key generation rely on exchanging photons between parties over limited distances. So, in this paper, random tests algorithms, such as NIST and DIEHARD, are implemented to test and evaluate the randomness rates for quantum keys generation. After then, the initialized vector, which is the seed of the symmetric encryption algorithms, is established based on specific analysis to be a key for the algorithms. The paper utilizes the (BB84) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on two different innovated modes, the raw and privacy modes.
All traditional cryptographic algorithms used in the network communication environments, relied on mathematical models and computational assumptions, are actually unsafe and apt by many attackers (quantum and man-in-the-middle attacks). Therefore, nowadays Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) promises a secure key agreement by using quantum mechanical systems. QKD becomes a significant trend of new cryptographic revolution. This paper explains how cryptography exploits the quantum mechanics in order to achieve an encryption/decryption process. Additionally, this paper provides a standard simulation for QKD-BB84 protocol and describes improvement key generation and key distribution mechanisms. Then, validation, results and efficiency of BB84 protocol are presented using different security configurations. Finally, our results indicated that the QKD is susceptible to corporate with different security applications and achieve the key availability for such applications. However, it suffers from the higher rate of authentication cost.
Abstract In the process of quantum key distribution (QKD), the communicating parties need to randomly determine quantum states and measurement bases. To ensure the security of key distribution, we aim to use true random sequences generated by true random number generators as the source of randomness. In practical systems, due to the difficulty of obtaining true random numbers, pseudo-random number generators are used instead. Although the random numbers generated by pseudo-random number generators are statistically random, meeting the requirements of uniform distribution and independence, they rely on an initial seed to generate corresponding pseudo-random sequences. Attackers may predict future elements from the initial elements of the random sequence, posing a security risk to quantum key distribution. This paper analyzes the problems existing in current pseudo-random number generators and proposes corresponding attack methods and applicable scenarios based on the vulnerabilities in the pseudo-random sequence generation process. Under certain conditions, it is possible to obtain the keys of the communicating parties with very low error rates, thus effectively attacking the quantum key system. This paper presents new requirements for the use of random numbers in quantum key systems, which can effectively guide the security evaluation of quantum key distribution protocols.
One key requirement for many cryptograhic schemes is the generation of random numbers.Sequences of random numbers are used at several stages of a standard cryptographic protocol.One simple example is a Vernam cipher, where a string of random numbers is added to message string to generate encrypted code.C = M ⊕ K.It has been mathematically shown that this simple scheme is unbreakable if key K is as long as M and is used only once.The security of a cryptosystem shall not be based on keeping the algorithm secret but solely on keeping the key secret.The security of a random number generator (RNG) is related to the difficulty of predicting its future sequence values from past values.The quality and unpredictability of secret data is critical to securing communication by modern cryptographic techniques.The generation of such data for cryptographic purposes typically requires an unpredictable physical source of random data.We studied a chaotic circuit which consisted of an inductor, capacitance, diode and thus used for the BB84 protocol.We have studied both pseudo random and true random number generators and evaluated them through various tests like frequency, correlation, NIST etc.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) which is the name of cryptography in quantum environment act as the highest developed area in quantum communication and computing technology (QCIT). \n \nQKD is inventive technology which utilize the laws of quantum to create a cryptographic share key to make the communication system secure. The unique feature of QKD assures eavesdropping detectable during quantum communications which is fascinating for a high-level secure environment.Most of the traditional cryptographic methods which we use currently are based on mathematical scheme or Computational complexity theory which are not completely safe. Using quantum cryptography has been achieved extensive steps in communication security establishment. As the information Unit has been changed from “bit” to Quantum bit (Qubit), a new element has been offered that can guarantee the shared information confidentiality between parties. The confidentiality of system is established via exchanging a secret key through a channel of quantum, the key which we use for encrypting the shared data. This structure has quantum integration which has been developed by physics law and techniques of cryptography. \n \nThis thesis has proposed a modified version of QKD protocol, this new protocol will generate a cryptographic share key for a more efficient, lower cost and secure communication between two parties (sender and Receiver). This new protocol principal is similar to BBM92, but the source of photon moved to sender instead of third-party photon generator, following steps will be executed in this Experiment: \n \n•\tObserve different categories protocols of QKD in details \n•\tThe Quantum Mechanics Visualisation Project (QuVis) is the simulation software that has been used for implementing the proposed protocol [BB84 with spin] among the other three (BBM92, B92 and BB84). \n•\tProbability ratio of error will be tested and compared for all protocols, for this experiment 100 to 5000 photons will be sent. \n \nBy Analysing collected data in this experiment, it will be determined which one of this four protocols lead the detecting of eavesdropping. Simulation software accomplishes the value of error key probability which receiver can use and should not pass over the range limit of 0.25 & 0.5.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) relies on randomness to exchange secret keys among the communicating parties. While ensuring the secrecy of the keys being distributed, independent randomness also causes to reduce the number of key bits that can be shared per quantum signal exchanged. Recently it was shown that it is possible to use pseudo-randomness in place of true randomness in the QKD without compromising the integrity of a QKD scheme. By the virtue of a short secret key — called a control key — shared among the key sharing parties, same pseudo-randomness can be generated at the transmitter and the receiver end that allow to obtain a higher key exchange rate. However, there are certain modifications which are necessary before pseudo-randomness can be safely employed in a QKD procedure. In this paper, we provide a modification of QKD schemes for a secure use with the control key. We modify the prepare-and-measure (BB84) type, and measurement-device independent protocols. We then verify the advantages of use of control key in terms of key rates for the modification of two QKD schemes.