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arXiv:1410.6893 · Physical Review B

High-sensitivity temperature sensing using an implanted single nitrogen-vacancy center array in diamond

Junfeng Wang, Fupan Feng, Jian Zhang, Jihong Chen, Zhongcheng Zheng, Liping Guo, Wenlong Zhang, Xuerui Song, Guo‐Ping Guo, Lele Fan, Chongwen Zou, Liren Lou, Wei Zhu, Guanzhong Wang

Published Apr 6, 2015• 99 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We presented a high-sensitivity temperature detection using an implanted single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center array in diamond. The high-order thermal Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (TCPMG) method was performed on the implanted single NV center in diamond in a static magnetic field. We demonstrated that under small detunings for the two driving microwave frequencies, the oscillation frequency of the induced fluorescence of the NV center equals approximately the average of the detunings of the two driving fields. On the basis of the conclusion, the zero-field splitting D for the NV center and the corresponding temperature could be determined. The experiment showed that the coherence time for the high-order TCPMG was effectively extended, particularly up to 108 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ for TCPMG-8, about 14 times the value 7.7 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ for thermal Ramsey method. This coherence time corresponded to a thermal sensitivity of 10.1 mK/${\mathrm{Hz}}^{1/2}$. We also detected the temperature distribution on the surface of a diamond chip in three different circumstances by using the implanted NV center array with the TCPMG-3 method. The experiment implies the feasibility of using implanted NV centers in high-quality diamonds to detect temperatures in biology, chemistry, materials science, and microelectronic systems with high sensitivity and nanoscale resolution.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.91.155404

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We presented a high-sensitivity temperature detection using an implanted single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center array in diamond. The high-order thermal Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (TCPMG) method was performed on the implanted single NV center in diamond in a static magnetic field. We demonstrated that under small detunings for the two driving microwave frequencies, the oscillation frequency of the induced fluorescence of the NV center equals approximately the average of the detunings of the two driving fields. On the basis of the conclusion, the zero-field splitting D for the NV center and the corresponding temperature could be determined. The experiment showed that the coherence time for the high-order TCPMG was effectively extended, particularly up to 108 \ensuremathμs\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}\ensuremathμs for TCPMG-8, about 14 times the value 7.7 \ensuremathμs\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}\ensuremathμs for thermal Ramsey method. This coherence time corresponded to a thermal sensitivity of 10.1 mK/Hz1/2{\mathrm{Hz}}^{1/2}Hz1/2. We also detected the temperature distribution on the surface of a diamond chip in three different circumstances by using the implanted NV center array with the TCPMG-3 method. The experiment implies the feasibility of using implanted NV centers in high-quality diamonds to detect temperatures in biology, chemistry, materials science, and microelectronic systems with high sensitivity and nanoscale resolution.
High spatial resolution quantum sensing of near-surface nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond has enabled detection of magnetic, electrical, and thermal signals at the nanoscale. At depths of just a few nanometers, NV centers serve as localized quantum probes for external spins or low-dimensional materials, but their proximity to the surface also enhances decoherence caused by fluctuating nuclear spins. While advances in surface engineering have stabilized the charge state of NV centers at depths of tens of nanometers, achieving both ultra-shallow implantation (0.5-2 nm) and long-term spin coherence remains a central challenge. In this work, we show using first-principles modeling that, by exploiting the interaction of surface-induced strain and weak dc magnetic fields, the spin coherence times of 1-nm-deep NV centers can be greatly improved near the spin-phonon-confined regime at room temperature in 12C-rich diamonds. We also demonstrate that this protocol benefits ~ 10-nm-deep NV centers in natural diamond, enabling vector magnetometry at the nanoscale. Shallow NV centers in diamond are advantageous for quantum sensing but suffer from surface magnetic noise. Using first-principles simulations supported by experiments, the authors show that a combination of small magnetic fields and surface strain can significantly enhance spin coherence of 1 nm-deep NV centers.
Color centers in silicon carbide have become potentially versatile quantum sensors. Particularly, wide temperature range temperature sensing has been realized in recent years. However, the sensitivity is limited due to the short dephasing time of the color centers. In this work, we realize a high sensitivity silicon carbide divacancy-based thermometer using the thermal Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (TCPMG) method. First, the zero field splitting D of PL6 divacancy as a function of temperature is measured with a linear slope of -99.7 kHz/K. The coherence times of TCPMG pulses linearly increase with the pulse number and the longest coherence time is about 21 us, which is ten times larger than dephasing time. The corresponding temperature sensing sensitivity is 13.4 mK/Hz1/2, which is about 15 times higher than previous results. Finally, we monitor the laboratory temperature variations for 24 hours using the TCMPG pulse. The experiments pave the way for the applications of silicon carbide-based high sensitivity thermometer in the semiconductor industry, biology, and materials sciences.
Abstract We demonstrate a method for thermal detection that is the sensitivity 6.2 mK Hz −1 2 , which uses the frequency lock closed-loop scheme to track Zeeman-split resonance of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. The NV diamond surface acts as a temperature measurement sensor to transfer the temperature variation as D ( T ) parameter change to lead to the movement of the energy levels to detect the temperature. By frequency modulation technology and closed-loop feedback locking technology, automatic temperature detection and step signal reading are realized, with a resolution of 7.6 mK. It is found that the closed-loop output is basically unchanged, while the open-loop output has an error signal proportional to the laser fluctuation. The closed-loop feedback technique can improve the stability and resolution of the system and provides a method for measuring the actual temperature detection. Such a demonstration marks a vital advance in transitioning the NV thermometer from a laboratory system to a functional device for detecting temperature fields in a practical environment.
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is an ideal candidate for quantum sensing because of its excellent spin coherence property as well as the possibility for optical initialization and readout. Previous studies, on the other hand, have typically been conducted at low or room temperature. The inability to fully understand the coherence properties of the NV center at high temperatures limits NV's further applications. We systematically investigate the coherence properties of NV center ensemble at temperatures ranging from 300 K to 600 K in this paper. Coherence time T2{T}_{2}T2​ decreases rapidly from $184\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\text{s}$ at 300 K to $30\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\text{s}$ at 600 K due to the interaction with paramagnetic impurities. At all experiment temperatures, both single-quantum and double-quantum transitions exhibit a T5{T}^{5}T5 relaxation rate, which is attributed to the two-phonon Raman process. Nonetheless, the inhomogeneous dephasing time T2∗{T}_{2}^{*}T2∗​ and thermal-echo decoherence time TTE{T}_{\text{TE}}TTE​ remain almost unchanged at temperature up to 600 K. A thermal-echo-based thermometer is demonstrated to have a sensitivity of 41mK/Hz41\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\text{mK}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}41mK/Hz​ at 450 K. These findings will pave the way for NV-based high-temperature sensing and provide a more comprehensive understanding of solid-state qubit decoherence.
Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) center in diamond has been paid attention as a highly sensitive detector for magnetic field. The magnetic sensitivity is proportional to the reciprocal of √(NT_2 ), where N is the number of NV centers and T2 is the spin coherence time. To improve the sensitivity, high concentration of NV- centers and extended coherence time are necessary. It is generally known that electron beam irradiation into type-Ib diamond which include high initial concentration of isolated substitutional nitrogen (P1 center) is a useful method to create high concentration of NV- centers. The electron beam irradiation generates vacancies in diamond and the subsequently annealing enables vacancies to diffuse in the lattice. Then diffused vacancies are captured by nitrogen atoms, as a result, NV centers are created. The post annealing has been performed at 1000°C or higher temperature for the purpose of improving the spin properties of NV- centers. In current study, we focused on post-annealing at high temperature to improve magnetic sensitivity of quantum sensing. We investigated annealing temperature and time dependence of the creation behavior of NV centers in type-Ib diamonds to understand appropriate annealing process for enhancing sensitivity of NV- center.
We demonstrate fluorescence thermometry techniques with sensitivities approaching 10 mK · Hz(-1/2) based on the spin-dependent photoluminescence of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. These techniques use dynamical decoupling protocols to convert thermally induced shifts in the NV center's spin resonance frequencies into large changes in its fluorescence. By mitigating interactions with nearby nuclear spins and facilitating selective thermal measurements, these protocols enhance the spin coherence times accessible for thermometry by 45-fold, corresponding to a 7-fold improvement in the NV center's temperature sensitivity. Moreover, we demonstrate these techniques can be applied over a broad temperature range and in both finite and near-zero magnetic field environments. This versatility suggests that the quantum coherence of single spins could be practically leveraged for sensitive thermometry in a wide variety of biological and microscale systems.