Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1410.0037 · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Scalable quantum computing architecture with mixed species ion chains

John Wright, Carolyn Auchter, Chen-Kuan Chou, Richard D. Graham, Thomas W. Noel, Tomasz Sakrejda, Zichao Zhou, B. B. Blinov

Published May 21, 2015• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We describe our work on trapping, cooling and detecting mixed ion species for a scalable ion trap quantum information processing architecture. These mixed species chains in linear RF traps may help solve several problems with scaling ion trap quantum computation to large numbers of qubits. Initial temperature measurements of linear Coulomb crystals containing barium and ytterbium ions indicate that the mass difference does not significantly impede sympathetic cooling of normal modes that couple well to the coolant ions (Ba in our case). Average motional occupation numbers are estimated to be 10 to 20 quanta per mode for these well cooled modes for chains with small numbers of ions, consistent with the Doppler limit temperature. For normal modes that do not couple significantly to the coolant atoms, the occupation numbers are significantly higher, of order several thousand. Strategies for better cooling of these modes are discussed. Further, we are working to implement these techniques in microfabricated surface traps in order to exercise greater control over ion chain ordering and positioning.

DOI
10.1117/12.2177997

Related papers

Character of motional modes for entanglement and sympathetic cooling of mixed-species trapped-ion chains

Ksenia Sosnova, A. Carter, Christopher R. Monroe

Modular mixed-species ion-trap networks are a promising framework for scalable quantum information processing, where one species acts as a memory qubit and another as a communication qubit. This architecture requires high-fidelity mixed-species entangling gates to transfer information from communication to memory qubits through their collective motion. We investigate the character of the motional modes of mixed-species ion chains of various lengths and in various trap potentials for entangling operations and sympathetic cooling. We find that the laser power required for high-fidelity entangling gates based on transverse modes is at least an order of magnitude higher than that for gates based on axial modes for ion species with a large mass ratio. We also find that for even moderate mass differences, the transverse modes are much harder to cool than the axial modes regardless of the ion chain configuration. Therefore, transverse modes conventionally used for operations in single-species ion chains may not be well suited for mixed-species chains with widely different masses.

arXiv:2004.08045•Physical Review A•Jan 28, 2021•36 citations

Mixed-Species Ion Chains for Quantum Networks

Ksenia Sosnova

Quantum computing promises solutions to some of the world's most important problems that classical computers have failed to address. The trapped-ion-based quantum computing platform has a lot of advantages for doing so: ions are perfectly identical and near-perfectly isolated, feature long coherent times, and allow high-fidelity individual laser-controlled operations. One of the greatest remaining obstacles in trapped-ion-based quantum computing is the issue of scalability. The approach that we take to address this issue is a modular architecture: separate ion traps, each with a manageable number of ions, are interconnected via photonic links. To avoid photon-generated crosstalk between qubits and utilize advantages of different kinds of ions for each role, we use two distinct species - ¹⁷¹Yb⁺ as memory qubits and ¹³⁸Ba⁺ as communication qubits. The qubits based on ¹⁷¹Yb⁺ are defined within the hyperfine "clock" states characterized by a very long coherence time while ¹³⁸Ba⁺ ions feature visible-range wavelength emission lines. Current optical and fiber technologies are more efficient in this range than at shorter wavelengths. We present a theoretical description and experimental demonstration of the key elements of a quantum network based on the mixed-species paradigm. The first one is entanglement between an atomic qubit and the polarization degree of freedom of a pure single photon. We observe a value of the second-order correlation function g⁽²⁾(0) = (8.1 ± 2.3)⨉10⁻⁵ without background subtraction, which is consistent with the lowest reported value in any system. Next, we show mixed-species entangling gates with two ions using the Mølmer-Sørensen and Cirac-Zoller protocols. Finally, we theoretically generalize mixed-species entangling gates to long ion chains and characterize the roles of normal modes there. In addition, we explore sympathetic cooling efficiency in such mixed-species crystals. Besides these developments, we demonstrate new techniques for manipulating states within the D₃⸝₂-manifold of zero-nuclear-spin ions - a part of a protected qubit scheme promising seconds-long coherence times proposed by Aharon et al. in 2013. As a next step, we provide a detailed description of the protocols for three- and four-node networks with mixed species, along with a novel design for the third trap with in-vacuum optics to optimize light collection.

•Jan 1, 2020•1 citation

Rapid exchange cooling with trapped ions

Spencer D. Fallek, Vikram S. Sandhu, Ryan A. McGill +4 more

Abstract The trapped-ion quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) architecture is a leading candidate for advanced quantum information processing. In current QCCD implementations, imperfect ion transport and anomalous heating can excite ion motion during a calculation. To counteract this, intermediate cooling is necessary to maintain high-fidelity gate performance. Cooling the computational ions sympathetically with ions of another species, a commonly employed strategy, creates a significant runtime bottleneck. Here, we demonstrate a different approach we call exchange cooling. Unlike sympathetic cooling, exchange cooling does not require trapping two different atomic species. The protocol introduces a bank of “coolant" ions which are repeatedly laser cooled. A computational ion can then be cooled by transporting a coolant ion into its proximity. We test this concept experimentally with two 40Ca+ ions, executing the necessary transport in 107 μs, an order of magnitude faster than typical sympathetic cooling durations. We remove over 96%, and as many as 102(5) quanta, of axial motional energy from the computational ion. We verify that re-cooling the coolant ion does not decohere the computational ion. This approach validates the feasibility of a single-species QCCD processor, capable of fast quantum simulation and computation.

arXiv:2309.02581•Nature Communications•Feb 5, 2024•13 citations

Experimental Realization of Multi-ion Sympathetic Cooling on a Trapped Ion Crystal

Zhichao Mao, Yong Xu, Q.-X. Mei +9 more

Trapped ions are one of the leading platforms in quantum information science. For quantum computing with large circuit depth and quantum simulation with long evolution time, it is of crucial importance to cool large ion crystals at runtime without affecting the internal states of the computational qubits, thus the necessity of sympathetic cooling. Here, we report multi-ion sympathetic cooling on a long ion chain using a narrow cooling beam focused on two adjacent ions, and optimize the choice of the cooling ions according to the collective oscillation modes of the chain. We show that, by cooling a small fraction of ions, cooling effects close to the global Doppler cooling limit can be achieved. This experiment therefore demonstrates an important enabling step for quantum information processing with large ion crystals.

Physical Review Letters•Sep 27, 2021•16 citations

Large-scale quantum computation in an anharmonic linear ion trap

Guin-Dar Lin, Shi-Liang Zhu, Rajibul Islam +5 more

We propose a large-scale quantum computer architecture by more easily stabilizing a single large linear ion chain in a very simple trap geometry. By confining ions in an anharmonic linear trap with nearly uniform spacing between ions, we show that high-fidelity quantum gates can be realized in large linear ion crystals under the Doppler temperature based on coupling to a near-continuum of transverse motional modes with simple shaped laser pulses.

arXiv:0901.0579•Europhysics Letters (EPL)•Jun 1, 2009•157 citations

Two-Species Ion Arrays for Quantum Logic Spectroscopy and Entanglement Generation

David B. Hume

The quantum states of trapped atomic ions can be highly isolated from external perturbation, and precisely manipulated with applied laser fields. This makes them an excellent medium for quantum-limited experiments such as quantum information processing and precision spectroscopy. A relatively small number of ion species have been used for these types of experiments because most species are difficult to laser cool and detect directly. This thesis demonstrates a way to overcome this limitation by use of sympathetic cooling and state detection based on quantum logic. We apply these techniques to mixed-species arrays of Al+ and Be+ ions. A mathematical model for the motion of such a two-species array is presented in order to explore some features of the ion dynamics that are relevant for the experiments. Repetitive quantum nondemolition measurements of the electronic states of a Al+ ion show detection fidelities as high as 99.94 %. We also demonstrate the simultaneous detection of two Al+ ions and observe a detection fidelity of 99.8 %. The basic ideas behind the detection strategy are extended to potentially enable similar experiments on a more general class of atomic and molecular ions.\nWe have also investigated, theoretically and experimentally, a method for preparing entangled Dicke states in trapped atomic ions. We consider a linear chain of N ion qubits that is prepared in a particular Fock state of motion. The m phonons are removed by applying a laser pulse globally to the N qubits, and converting the motional excitation to m flipped spins. The global nature of this pulse ensures that the m flipped spins are shared by all the target ions in a state that is a close approximation to the Dicke state.\nWe calculate numerically the fidelity limits of the protocol and find small deviations from the ideal state for m = 1 and m = 2. We have demonstrated the basic features of this protocol by preparing the Bell state in two Mg+ target ions trapped simultaneously with an Al+ ancillary ion.

•Jan 1, 2010•1 citation
We describe our work on trapping, cooling and detecting mixed ion species for a scalable ion trap quantum information processing architecture. These mixed species chains in linear RF traps may help solve several problems with scaling ion trap quantum computation to large numbers of qubits. Initial temperature measurements of linear Coulomb crystals containing barium and ytterbium ions indicate that the mass difference does not significantly impede sympathetic cooling of normal modes that couple well to the coolant ions (Ba in our case). Average motional occupation numbers are estimated to be 10 to 20 quanta per mode for these well cooled modes for chains with small numbers of ions, consistent with the Doppler limit temperature. For normal modes that do not couple significantly to the coolant atoms, the occupation numbers are significantly higher, of order several thousand. Strategies for better cooling of these modes are discussed. Further, we are working to implement these techniques in microfabricated surface traps in order to exercise greater control over ion chain ordering and positioning.
Modular mixed-species ion-trap networks are a promising framework for scalable quantum information processing, where one species acts as a memory qubit and another as a communication qubit. This architecture requires high-fidelity mixed-species entangling gates to transfer information from communication to memory qubits through their collective motion. We investigate the character of the motional modes of mixed-species ion chains of various lengths and in various trap potentials for entangling operations and sympathetic cooling. We find that the laser power required for high-fidelity entangling gates based on transverse modes is at least an order of magnitude higher than that for gates based on axial modes for ion species with a large mass ratio. We also find that for even moderate mass differences, the transverse modes are much harder to cool than the axial modes regardless of the ion chain configuration. Therefore, transverse modes conventionally used for operations in single-species ion chains may not be well suited for mixed-species chains with widely different masses.
Quantum computing promises solutions to some of the world's most important problems that classical computers have failed to address. The trapped-ion-based quantum computing platform has a lot of advantages for doing so: ions are perfectly identical and near-perfectly isolated, feature long coherent times, and allow high-fidelity individual laser-controlled operations. One of the greatest remaining obstacles in trapped-ion-based quantum computing is the issue of scalability. The approach that we take to address this issue is a modular architecture: separate ion traps, each with a manageable number of ions, are interconnected via photonic links. To avoid photon-generated crosstalk between qubits and utilize advantages of different kinds of ions for each role, we use two distinct species - ¹⁷¹Yb⁺ as memory qubits and ¹³⁸Ba⁺ as communication qubits. The qubits based on ¹⁷¹Yb⁺ are defined within the hyperfine "clock" states characterized by a very long coherence time while ¹³⁸Ba⁺ ions feature visible-range wavelength emission lines. Current optical and fiber technologies are more efficient in this range than at shorter wavelengths. We present a theoretical description and experimental demonstration of the key elements of a quantum network based on the mixed-species paradigm. The first one is entanglement between an atomic qubit and the polarization degree of freedom of a pure single photon. We observe a value of the second-order correlation function g⁽²⁾(0) = (8.1 ± 2.3)⨉10⁻⁵ without background subtraction, which is consistent with the lowest reported value in any system. Next, we show mixed-species entangling gates with two ions using the Mølmer-Sørensen and Cirac-Zoller protocols. Finally, we theoretically generalize mixed-species entangling gates to long ion chains and characterize the roles of normal modes there. In addition, we explore sympathetic cooling efficiency in such mixed-species crystals. Besides these developments, we demonstrate new techniques for manipulating states within the D₃⸝₂-manifold of zero-nuclear-spin ions - a part of a protected qubit scheme promising seconds-long coherence times proposed by Aharon et al. in 2013. As a next step, we provide a detailed description of the protocols for three- and four-node networks with mixed species, along with a novel design for the third trap with in-vacuum optics to optimize light collection.
Abstract The trapped-ion quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) architecture is a leading candidate for advanced quantum information processing. In current QCCD implementations, imperfect ion transport and anomalous heating can excite ion motion during a calculation. To counteract this, intermediate cooling is necessary to maintain high-fidelity gate performance. Cooling the computational ions sympathetically with ions of another species, a commonly employed strategy, creates a significant runtime bottleneck. Here, we demonstrate a different approach we call exchange cooling. Unlike sympathetic cooling, exchange cooling does not require trapping two different atomic species. The protocol introduces a bank of “coolant" ions which are repeatedly laser cooled. A computational ion can then be cooled by transporting a coolant ion into its proximity. We test this concept experimentally with two 40Ca+ ions, executing the necessary transport in 107 μs, an order of magnitude faster than typical sympathetic cooling durations. We remove over 96%, and as many as 102(5) quanta, of axial motional energy from the computational ion. We verify that re-cooling the coolant ion does not decohere the computational ion. This approach validates the feasibility of a single-species QCCD processor, capable of fast quantum simulation and computation.
Trapped ions are one of the leading platforms in quantum information science. For quantum computing with large circuit depth and quantum simulation with long evolution time, it is of crucial importance to cool large ion crystals at runtime without affecting the internal states of the computational qubits, thus the necessity of sympathetic cooling. Here, we report multi-ion sympathetic cooling on a long ion chain using a narrow cooling beam focused on two adjacent ions, and optimize the choice of the cooling ions according to the collective oscillation modes of the chain. We show that, by cooling a small fraction of ions, cooling effects close to the global Doppler cooling limit can be achieved. This experiment therefore demonstrates an important enabling step for quantum information processing with large ion crystals.
The quantum states of trapped atomic ions can be highly isolated from external perturbation, and precisely manipulated with applied laser fields. This makes them an excellent medium for quantum-limited experiments such as quantum information processing and precision spectroscopy. A relatively small number of ion species have been used for these types of experiments because most species are difficult to laser cool and detect directly. This thesis demonstrates a way to overcome this limitation by use of sympathetic cooling and state detection based on quantum logic. We apply these techniques to mixed-species arrays of Al+ and Be+ ions. A mathematical model for the motion of such a two-species array is presented in order to explore some features of the ion dynamics that are relevant for the experiments. Repetitive quantum nondemolition measurements of the electronic states of a Al+ ion show detection fidelities as high as 99.94 %. We also demonstrate the simultaneous detection of two Al+ ions and observe a detection fidelity of 99.8 %. The basic ideas behind the detection strategy are extended to potentially enable similar experiments on a more general class of atomic and molecular ions.\nWe have also investigated, theoretically and experimentally, a method for preparing entangled Dicke states in trapped atomic ions. We consider a linear chain of N ion qubits that is prepared in a particular Fock state of motion. The m phonons are removed by applying a laser pulse globally to the N qubits, and converting the motional excitation to m flipped spins. The global nature of this pulse ensures that the m flipped spins are shared by all the target ions in a state that is a close approximation to the Dicke state.\nWe calculate numerically the fidelity limits of the protocol and find small deviations from the ideal state for m = 1 and m = 2. We have demonstrated the basic features of this protocol by preparing the Bell state in two Mg+ target ions trapped simultaneously with an Al+ ancillary ion.