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arXiv:1409.7382 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Twisting singular solutions of Betheʼs equations

Rafael I Nepomechie, Chunguang Wang

Published Nov 28, 2014• 39 citations
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Abstract

The Bethe equations for the periodic XXX and XXZ spin chains admit singular solutions, for which the corresponding eigenvalues and eigenvectors are ill-defined. We use a twist regularization to derive conditions for such singular solutions to be physical, in which case they correspond to genuine eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/47/50/505004

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The Bethe equations for the periodic XXX and XXZ spin chains admit singular solutions, for which the corresponding eigenvalues and eigenvectors are ill-defined. We use a twist regularization to derive conditions for such singular solutions to be physical, in which case they correspond to genuine eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian.
We examine the question of whether Bethe's ansatz reproduces all states in the periodic Heisenberg XXZ and XXX spin chains. As was known to Bethe himself, there are states for which the Bethe momenta knk_nkn​ diverge: these are in fact the simplest examples of ``string'' solutions. The coefficients of the Bethe wavefunction, too, diverge. When there are only two down spins in the system (the case considered by Bethe), we can renormalize these coefficients to get a sensible (and correct) wavefunction. We show that this is not always possible when there are more than two down spins. The Bethe equations have several such divergent solutions, and some of these correspond to genuine eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian, but several do not. Nor do they reproduce the correct energy eigenvalues. Moreover, we point out that the algebraic Bethe ansatz, an alternative way to construct the wavefunctions proposed by Faddeev, Takhtajan et al., leads to vanishing wavefunctions for all these solutions. Thus, the Bethe ansatz solution of the Heisenberg model must be regarded as either incomplete, or inaccurate.
The Bethe equations for the isotropic periodic spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain with N sites have solutions containing ±i/2 that are singular: both the corresponding energy and the algebraic Bethe ansatz vector are divergent. Such solutions must be carefully regularized. We consider a regularization involving a parameter that can be determined using a generalization of the Bethe equations. These generalized Bethe equations provide a practical way of determining which singular solutions correspond to eigenvectors of the model.
We investigate the completeness of the solutions of the Bethe equations for the integrable spin- s isotropic (XXX) spin chain with periodic boundary conditions. Solutions containing the exact string i s , i( s − 1), ..., −i( s − 1), −i s are singular. For s > 1/2, there exist also 'strange' solutions with repeated roots, which nevertheless are physical (i.e., correspond to eigenstates of the Hamiltonian). We derive conditions for the singular solutions and the solutions with repeated roots to be physical. We formulate a conjecture for the number of solutions with pairwise distinct roots in terms of the numbers of singular and strange solutions. Using homotopy continuation, we solve the Bethe equations numerically for s = 1 and s = 3/2 up to eight sites, and find some support for the conjecture. We also present several examples of strange solutions.
For the one-dimensional XXX model under the periodic boundary conditions, we discuss two types of eigenvectors, regular eigenvectors which have finite-valued rapidities satisfying the Bethe ansatz equations and non-regular eigenvectors which are descendants of some regular eigenvectors under the action of the SU (2) spin-lowering operator. It has been pointed out by many authors that the non-regular eigenvectors should correspond to the Bethe ansatz wavefunctions which have multiple infinite rapidities. However, it has not been explicitly shown whether such a delicate limiting procedure is possible. In this paper, we discuss it explicitly at the level of wavefunctions: we prove that any non-regular eigenvector of the XXX model is derived from the Bethe ansatz wavefunctions through some limit of infinite rapidities. We formulate the regularization also in terms of the algebraic Bethe ansatz method. As an application of infinite rapidity, we discuss the period of the spectral flow under the twisted periodic boundary conditions.
We investigate symmetry properties of the Bethe ansatz wave functions for the Heisenberg XXZ spin chain. The XXZ Hamiltonian commutes simultaneously with the shift operator T and the lattice inversion operator V in the space of Ω=±1 with Ω the eigenvalue of T. We show that the Bethe ansatz solutions with normalizable wave functions cannot be the eigenstates of T and V with quantum number (Ω, ϒ)=(±1, ∓1) where ϒ is the eigenvalue of V. Therefore, the Bethe ansatz wave functions should be singular for nondegenerate eigenstates of the Hamiltonian with quantum number (Ω, ϒ)=(±1, ∓1). It is also shown that such states exist in any nontrivial down-spin number sector and that the number of them diverges exponentially with the chain length.
Spin-sss QQQ-systems: Twist and open boundaries
In integrable spin chains, the spectral problem can be solved by the method of Bethe Ansatz, which transforms the problem of diagonalization of the Hamiltonian into the problem of solving a set of algebraic equations named Bethe equations. In this work, we systematically investigate the spin- s s XXX chain with twisted and open boundary conditions using the rational Q Q -system, which is a powerful tool to solve Bethe equations. We establish basic frameworks of the rational Q Q -system and confirm its completeness numerically in both cases. For twisted boundaries, we investigate the polynomiality conditions of the rational Q Q -system and derive physical conditions for singular solutions of Bethe equations. For open boundaries, we uncover novel phenomena such as hidden symmetries and boundary induced strings under specific boundary parameters. Hidden symmetries lead to the appearance of extra degeneracies in the Hilbert space, while the boundary induced string is a novel type of exact string configuration, whose length depends on the boundary magnetic fields. These findings, supported by both analytical and numerical evidences, offer new insights into the interplay between symmetries and boundary conditions.