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arXiv:1407.8249

Design of Quantum Stabilizer Codes From Quadratic Residues Sets

Yixuan Xie, Jinhong Yuan, Qifu, Sun

Published Jul 31, 2014• 1 citation
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Abstract

We propose two types, namely Type-I and Type-II, quantum stabilizer codes using quadratic residue sets of prime modulus given by the form $p=4n\pm1$. The proposed Type-I stabilizer codes are of cyclic structure and code length $N=p$. They are constructed based on multi-weight circulant matrix generated from idempotent polynomial, which is obtained from a quadratic residue set. The proposed Type-II stabilizer codes are of quasi-cyclic (QC) structure and code length $N=pk$, where $k$ is the size of a quadratic residue set. They are constructed based on structured sparse-graphs codes derived from proto-matrix and circulant permutation matrix. With the proposed methods, we design rich classes of cyclic and quasi-cyclic quantum stabilizer codes with variable code length. We show how the commutative constraint (also referred to as the Symplectic Inner Product constraint) for quantum codes can be satisfied for each proposed construction method. We also analyze both the dimension and distance for Type-I stabilizer codes and the dimension of Type-II stabilizer codes. For the cyclic quantum stabilizer codes, we show that they meet the existing distance bounds in literature.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1407.8249

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We propose two types, namely Type-I and Type-II, quantum stabilizer codes using quadratic residue sets of prime modulus given by the form p=4n±1p=4n\pm1p=4n±1. The proposed Type-I stabilizer codes are of cyclic structure and code length N=pN=pN=p. They are constructed based on multi-weight circulant matrix generated from idempotent polynomial, which is obtained from a quadratic residue set. The proposed Type-II stabilizer codes are of quasi-cyclic (QC) structure and code length N=pkN=pkN=pk, where kkk is the size of a quadratic residue set. They are constructed based on structured sparse-graphs codes derived from proto-matrix and circulant permutation matrix. With the proposed methods, we design rich classes of cyclic and quasi-cyclic quantum stabilizer codes with variable code length. We show how the commutative constraint (also referred to as the Symplectic Inner Product constraint) for quantum codes can be satisfied for each proposed construction method. We also analyze both the dimension and distance for Type-I stabilizer codes and the dimension of Type-II stabilizer codes. For the cyclic quantum stabilizer codes, we show that they meet the existing distance bounds in literature.
We design classes of quantum low-density paritycheck (LDPC) codes, called quasi-cyclic stabilizer (QCS) codes, from conventional QC-LDPC codes. The proposed QCS codes belong to the family of non-Calderbank-Shor-Steane stabilizer codes. The QC-LDPC codes are self-orthogonal with respect to the symplectic inner product (SIP) and are constructed from submatrices of nonorthogonal Latin squares via array dispersion. The Latin squares are constructed using quadratic (non)-residue sets of prime modulus p, where p = 4n ± 1. For p = 4n - 1, two constructions, namely, Type-I-A and Type-I-B QCS codes, are proposed based on matrix superposition and matrix concatenation, respectively. For p = 4n +1, Type-II QCS codes are proposed based on permutations of a base matrix. We show that the parity-check matrix for Type-I-B and Type-II QCS codes is self-orthogonal with respect to the SIP for all orders of circulant permutation matrix. This resulting in ensembles of QCS codes characterized by a single base matrix. We show that the minimum distance of Type-II QCS codes can be lower bounded by the minimum distance of the QC-LDPC codes. Simulation results show that the proposed QCS codes outperform some codes in the literature with a noteworthy low-error floor, below 10-7, over quantum depolarizing channels.
The condition for constructing quantum cyclic codes of prime code length p with form8j+ 3was obtained via the quadratic residue method.A theorem on the form of quantum cyclic codes'generating ma- trix was proved.As an example,directexamination of digital computation showed thatthe quantum cyclic code for encoding 1 9qubits into 1 qubit and correcting 3errors satisfies error- correcting conditions.This code has never been reported in literature as far as we know.Another method for determining the already known quantum cyclic code for encoding1 1 qubits into1 qubit and correcting2 errors is given.Extended generating matrix method is proposed to express the error- correcting condition,which requires that the boolean summation of every four columns of the extended generating matrix should notbe an all zeros col- umn for codes correcting two errors.Meanwhile a quantum code should be self- orthogonal,that is the symplectic inner products of each pair of generating vectors should be zero.The codes we obtained satisfy all these conditions.
In this short letter, our main objective is to construct good quantum stabilizer codes over small fields, which have a more potential possibility to be employed in actual quantum processors. We firstly consider a suitable class of two-generators quasi-cyclic (QC) codes and determine their parameters. Then by virtue of their symplectic dual algebraic structure, we derive a sufficient condition to be symplectic dual-containing of these codes. Subsequently, an explicit construction of stabilizer codes from quasi-cyclic codes is presented. As for computational results, we provide many stabilizer codes with good parameters over binary, ternary and quaternary fields that all can not be deduced by the quantum Gilbert-Varshamov (GV) bound. In the binary case, our several codes strictly improve the lower bounds on the minimum distance in current records. In the ternary and quaternary occasions, numerous codes fill some gaps or have better parameters than the current results.
Existing quantum stabilizer codes constructed from the classic binary codes exclusively belong to the special subclass of Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes. This paper fills in the gap by proposing five systematic constructions for non-CSS stabilizer codes, the first four of which are based on classic binary quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and last on classic binary LDPC-convolutional codes. These new constructions exploit structured sparse graphs, make essential use of simple and powerful coding techniques including concatenation, rotation and scrambling, and generate rich classes of codes with a wide range of lengths and rates. We derive the sufficient, and in some cases also the necessary, conditions for each construction to satisfy the general symplectic inner product (SIP) condition, and develop practical decoder algorithms for these codes. The resulting codes are the first classes of non-CSS quantum LDPC codes and non-CSS quantum convolutional codes rooted from classic binary codes (rather than codes in GF(4)), and some of them perform as well as or better than the existing quantum codes.
Stabilizer codes are often constructed within the Calderbank--Shor--Steane (CSS) framework, where two mutually orthogonal binary classical codes define XXX and ZZZ-type stabilizer generators. While this structure is algebraically convenient, additional non-CSS constraints may help suppress low-weight logical operators and improve decoding performance in the finite-length regime. We thus introduce quantum XYZ stabilizer codes, whose parity-check matrix (PCM) is built from three pairwise orthogonal binary PCMs associated with XXX-, YYY-, and ZZZ-type stabilizer generators. A nontrivial point is that an XYZ code instance is not automatically genuinely non-CSS: the same stabilizer group may admit a CSS generating set. We characterize this collapse, obtaining algebraic and rank conditions for deciding when the YYY-type checks are redundant and when they define genuinely non-CSS stabilizer constraints. We also derive upper and lower bounds on the quantum minimum distance, including bounds for mixed Pauli logical operators. The novel framework includes a known non-CSS topological code, namely the XYZ2^22 hexagonal code, and yields also sparse finite-length quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) constructions from intersecting-subset and quasi-dyadic code families. Simulations under depolarizing code-capacity noise and quaternary belief propagation decoding show that the proposed XYZ qLDPC instances can outperform representative CSS qLDPC instances with similar finite-length parameters.