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arXiv:1407.0835 · Physical Review Letters

Observation of Density-Induced Tunneling

Ole Jürgensen, Florian Meinert, Manfred J. Mark, Hanns‐Christoph Nägerl, Dirk-Sören Lühmann

Published Nov 7, 2014• 62 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study the dynamics of bosonic atoms in a tilted one-dimensional optical lattice and report on the first direct observation of density-induced tunneling. We show that the interaction affects the time evolution of the doublon oscillation via density-induced tunneling and pinpoint its density and interaction dependence. The experimental data for different lattice depths are in good agreement with our theoretical model. Furthermore, resonances caused by second-order tunneling processes are studied, where the density-induced tunneling breaks the symmetric behavior for attractive and repulsive interactions predicted by the Hubbard model.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.113.193003

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We study the dynamics of bosonic atoms in a tilted one-dimensional optical lattice and report on the first direct observation of density-induced tunneling. We show that the interaction affects the time evolution of the doublon oscillation via density-induced tunneling and pinpoint its density and interaction dependence. The experimental data for different lattice depths are in good agreement with our theoretical model. Furthermore, resonances caused by second-order tunneling processes are studied, where the density-induced tunneling breaks the symmetric behavior for attractive and repulsive interactions predicted by the Hubbard model.
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We show that multi-orbital and density-induced tunneling have a significant impact on the phase diagram of bosonic atoms in optical lattices. Off-site interactions lead to density-induced hopping, the so-called bond-charge interactions, which can be identified with an effective tunneling potential and can reach the same order of magnitude as conventional tunneling. In addition, interaction-induced higher-band processes also give rise to strongly modified tunneling, on-site and bond-charge interactions. We derive an extended occupation-dependent Hubbard model with multi-orbitally renormalized processes and compute the corresponding phase diagram. It substantially deviates from the single-band Bose–Hubbard model and predicts strong changes of the superfluid-to-Mott-insulator transition. In general, the presented beyond-Hubbard physics plays an essential role in bosonic lattice systems and has an observable influence on experiments with tunable interactions.
We use 40K atoms trapped in a cubic optical lattice to simulate the Fermi-Hubbard model. The work in this thesis focuses on investigating dynamics in the Fermi-Hubbard model and developing techniques for engineering Hamiltonians beyond the minimal Hubbard model. We discussed three experiments. In the first, we investigated the transport properties of a Fermi lattice gas by directly measuring the transport lifetime at various interaction strengths and temperatures. The resistivity is inferred from the measured transport lifetime. We observe anomalous transport behavior, which is analogous to bad-metal behavior in strongly correlated electronic materials. The second experiment presents the first realization of correlated, density-dependent tunneling in a Fermi-Hubbard optical lattice model by applied Raman laser fields. This correlated tunneling involves spin-flips and the generation of doublons, which have been observed experimentally. We also confirmed that the amplitude of correlated tunneling is suppressed when neighboring lattice sites are unoccupied. The last experiment explores the possibility to introduce long-range interactions for fermions trapped in optical lattices via Rydberg-dressed states. We developed a novel velocity-selective spectroscopy method to measure the transition between the 5P_1/2 and Rydberg states via electromagnetically induced transparency. This measurement is a first step toward inducing Rydberg-dressed interactions in optical lattices.
We investigate the resonantly enhanced tunneling dynamics of ultracold bosons loaded on a tilted one-dimensional optical lattice, which can be used to simulate a chain of Ising spins and associated quantum phase transitions. The center-of-mass motion after a sudden tilt both at commensurate and incommensurate fillings is obtained via analytic, time-dependent exact diagonalization and density-matrix renormalization-group methods. We identify a maximum in the amplitude of the center-of-mass oscillations at the quantum critical point of the effective spin system. For the dynamics of incommensurate systems, which cannot be mapped to a spin model, we develop an analytical approach in which the time evolution is obtained by projecting onto resonant families of small clusters. We compare the results of this approach at low fillings to the exact time evolution and find good agreement even at filling factors as large as 2/3. Using this projection onto small clusters, we propose a controllable transport scheme applicable in the context of Atomtronic devices on optical lattices (``slinky scheme'').
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Dynamical properties of two bosonic quantum walkers in a one-dimensional lattice are studied theoretically. Depending on the initial state, interactions, lattice tilting, and lattice disorder, a plethora of different behaviors are observed. Particularly, it is shown that the two bosons' system manifests the many-body-localization-like behavior in the presence of a quenched disorder. The whole analysis is based on a specific decomposition of the temporal density profile into different contributions from singly and doubly occupied sites. In this way the role of interactions is extracted. Since the contributions can be directly measured in experiments with ultracold atoms in optical lattices, the predictions presented may have some importance for an upcoming experiment.