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arXiv:1407.0126 · Optics Communications

Characterizations and quantifications of macroscopic quantumness and its implementations using optical fields

Hyunseok Jeong, Minsu Kang, Hyukjoon Kwon

Published Jul 21, 2014• 38 citations
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Abstract

We present a review and discussions on characterizations and quantifications of macroscopic quantum states as well as their implementations and applications in optical systems. We compare and criticize different measures proposed to define and quantify macroscopic quantum superpositions and extend such comparisons to several types of optical quantum states actively considered for experimental implementations within recent research topics.

DOI
10.1016/j.optcom.2014.07.012

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We present a review and discussions on characterizations and quantifications of macroscopic quantum states as well as their implementations and applications in optical systems. We compare and criticize different measures proposed to define and quantify macroscopic quantum superpositions and extend such comparisons to several types of optical quantum states actively considered for experimental implementations within recent research topics.
Large-scale quantum effects have always played an important role in the foundations of quantum theory.With recent experimental progress and the aspiration for quantum enhanced applications, the interest in macroscopic quantum effects has been reinforced.In this review, measures aiming to quantify various aspects of macroscopic quantumness are critically analyzed and discussed.Recent results on the difficulties and prospects to create, maintain, and detect macroscopic quantum states are surveyed.The role of macroscopic quantum states in foundational questions as well as practical applications is outlined.Finally, past and ongoing experimental advances aiming to generate and observe macroscopic quantum states are presented.
Based on phase-space structures of quantum states, we propose a novel measure to quantify macroscopic quantum superpositions. Our measure simultaneously quantifies two different kinds of essential information for a given quantum state in a harmonious manner: the degree of quantum coherence and the effective size of the physical system that involves the superposition. It enjoys remarkably good analytical and algebraic properties. It turns out to be the most general and inclusive measure ever proposed that it can be applied to any types of multipartite states and mixed states represented in phase space.
The notion of the macroscopic in fundamental quantum theory is analyzed. After a brief summary of use of the term macroscopic, its use in quantum theory is compared with its previous use elsewhere. Next, the connections specifically to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and quantum measurement theory more generally, where this term first began to deviate from previous uses, are explained and exhibited through a number of examples. Then, recent attempts to define accurately and quantitatively the extent of being macroscopic, that is, macroscopicity are discussed and their implications considered. This is done most particularly in the realm of quantum optics, where it differs most from previous uses and has recently been of considerable interest. Finally, with the benefit of this analysis, recommendations are made regarding future use of the notion of the macroscopic in fundamental physics.
Abstract Quantum coherence is a fundamental property of quantum systems, separating quantum from classical physics. Recently, there has been significant interest in the characterization of quantum coherence as a resource, investigating how coherence can be extracted and used for quantum technological applications. In this work, the progress of this research is reviewed, focusing in particular on recent experimental efforts. After a brief review of the underlying theory, the main platforms for realizing the experiments are discussed: linear optics, nuclear magnetic resonance, and superconducting systems. Experimental detection and quantification of coherence, experimental state conversion and coherence distillation, and experiments investigating the dynamics of quantum coherence are then considered. Experiments exploring the connections between coherence and uncertainty relations, path information, and coherence of operations and measurements are also reviewed. Experimental efforts on multipartite and multilevel coherence are also discussed.
Quantum states are ultimately responsible for numerous counterintuitive phenomena that defy classical intuition. As the development of quantum technologies accelerates, our ability to harness these quantum resources becomes essential. This review addresses a fundamental question. How do we quantify the quantumness of a state, and which specific traits distinguish it from its classical counterparts? We examine quantumness through both theoretical and operational lenses, providing a clear framework for state characterization. Ultimately, we demonstrate that certifying quantumness is not just a theoretical exercise. It is a practical necessity for identifying, and realizing quantum advantage in real-world applications.