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arXiv:1406.3968 · Optics Express

Atomic filtering for hybrid continuous-variable/discrete-variable quantum optics

Joanna A. Zielińska, Federica A. Beduini, Vito Giovanni Lucivero, Morgan W. Mitchell

Published Oct 9, 2014• 25 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We demonstrate atomic filtering of frequency-degenerate photon pairs from a sub-threshold optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The filter, a modified Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF), achieves 70% peak transmission simultaneous with 57 dB out-of-band rejection and a 445 MHz transmission bandwidth. When applied to the OPO output, only the degenerate mode, containing one-mode squeezed vacuum, falls in the filter pass-band; all other modes are strongly suppressed. The high transmission preserves non-classical continuous-variable features, e.g. squeezing or non-gaussianity, while the high spectral purity allows reliable discrete-variable detection and heralding. Correlation and atomic absorption measurements indicate a spectral purity of 96% for the individual photons, and 98% for the photon pairs. These capabilities will enable generation of atom-resonant hybrid states, e.g. "Schrödinger kittens" obtained by photon subtraction from squeezed vacuum, making these exotic states available for quantum networking and atomic quantum metrology applications.

DOI
10.1364/oe.22.025307

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We demonstrate atomic filtering of frequency-degenerate photon pairs from a sub-threshold optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The filter, a modified Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF), achieves 70% peak transmission simultaneous with 57 dB out-of-band rejection and a 445 MHz transmission bandwidth. When applied to the OPO output, only the degenerate mode, containing one-mode squeezed vacuum, falls in the filter pass-band; all other modes are strongly suppressed. The high transmission preserves non-classical continuous-variable features, e.g. squeezing or non-gaussianity, while the high spectral purity allows reliable discrete-variable detection and heralding. Correlation and atomic absorption measurements indicate a spectral purity of 96% for the individual photons, and 98% for the photon pairs. These capabilities will enable generation of atom-resonant hybrid states, e.g. "Schrödinger kittens" obtained by photon subtraction from squeezed vacuum, making these exotic states available for quantum networking and atomic quantum metrology applications.
[ANGLÈS] We describe experimental results on a novel optical filter based on the FADOF (Faraday Anomalous Dispersion Optical Filter) principle, and its application to production of atom-resonant entangled photon pairs at the D_1 line of atomic rubidium. The filter uses natural-abundance rubidium vapor in an axial magnetic field to produce Faraday rotation up to pi/2 in the transparent regions adjacent to Rb absorption features. When the Faraday rotator is placed between crossed polarizers, the resulting system shows a 400 MHz FWHM transmission window with 70% peak transmission, and out-of-band rejection up to 10^5. Using this device we demonstrate selection of atom-resonant photon pairs from a type-I cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric downconversion source (CESPDC). We also present an exact calculation of the time correlations, i.e., the g^(2)(T), of photons from the CESPDC. This is the first time fully-indistinguishable atom-resonant photon pairs have been observed.
Light is a perfect candidate to carry out quantum information for applications to quantum computation, communication and metrology. Information can be encoded using observables with discrete spectrum (or DV for discrete variable encoding) as well as with continuous spectrum observables (or CV for continuous variable encoding). One of the most used states to encode a CV qubit is the so called optical Schrödinger cat state, i.e. a superposition of two coherent states with the same amplitude and opposite phases. Approximation of these states, named Schrödinger kittens, have been generated in an heralded fashion by subtraction of one or two photons from a degenerate single mode squeezed vacuum states. Experiments have been conducted in continuous wave regime generally using optical parametric oscillators as well as in the pulsed regime. The quality of Schrödinger kittens generated with this strategy, however, suffers from the impurity of the squeezing in the wave-packet of the heralded state. In the CW regime, it is shown theoretically and experimentally that a narrowband filtering of the heralding photon increase the purity of thegenerated state. We extend this study so as to describe also the pulsed regime where the squeezed vacuum state is in general spectrally multimode. We calculate and numerically simulate the state generated when subtracting a photon from an arbitrary multimode pulsed squeezed vacuum state. Inaddition, we investigate its homodyne detection by considering an arbitrary pulsed local oscillator. The fidelity between the heralded state and a perfect single mode photon subtracted squeezed state decreases when the number of modes excited in the multimode squeezed vacuum increases. We show how to increase this fidelity by using a narrowband filter in the heralding path. This study quantifies the effect of spectral filtering on the quality of the generated state using a multimode approach that can be applied to a wide variety of situations. We believe that it will have a major impact on realisation of non-Gaussian states in an heralded fashion.
[ANGLÈS] We describe experimental results on a novel optical filter based on the FADOF (Faraday Anomalous Dispersion Optical Filter) principle, and its application to production of atom-resonant entangled photon pairs at the D_1 line of atomic rubidium. The filter uses natural-abundance rubidium vapor in an axial magnetic field to produce Faraday rotation up to pi/2 in the transparent regions adjacent to Rb absorption features. When the Faraday rotator is placed between crossed polarizers, the resulting system shows a 400 MHz FWHM transmission window with 70% peak transmission, and out-of-band rejection up to 10^5. Using this device we demonstrate selection of atom-resonant photon pairs from a type-I cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric downconversion source (CESPDC). We also present an exact calculation of the time correlations, i.e., the g^(2)(T), of photons from the CESPDC. This is the first time fully-indistinguishable atom-resonant photon pairs have been observed.
We demonstrate a Cs FADOF (Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter) with a single transmission peak resonant with the 6S(1/2), F = 4 → 7P(3/2), F' = 3, 4, 5 transition at 455 nm. The filter achieves a single peak transmission of 86%. With the technique of saturated absorption spectra, we obtain the bandwidth of the single peak, which is 1.5 GHz. While most of other FADOFs operate at frequencies far from absorption, the filter we have realized can provide light exactly resonant with atomic transitions with a high transmission. We also find that, at a particular temperature, we can achieve a single transmission peak rather than many peaks far from absorption by changing the strength of magnetic field. This technique can also be applied to other alkali atoms.
We present a theoretical and experimental study of the ultra-narrow bandwidth Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter (FADOF) operating at the rubidium D1 line (795 nm). This atomic line gives better performance than other lines for the main FADOF figures of merit, e.g. simultaneously 71 % transmission, 445MHz bandwidth and 1.2GHz equivalent noise bandwidth. c © 2013 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 020.1335, 010.3640 Ultra-narrow bandwidth optical filters are key el-ements in laser remote sensing (LIDAR), observa-tional astronomy, free-space communications and quan-tum optics. Relative to conventional interference fil-ters, FADOFs offer high background-rejection, mechani-cal robustness, imaging capability and high transmission. FADOFs have been developed for several alkali atom res-onances – Cs D2 [1] and 6S1/2 → 7P3/2 [2] lines, Rb D2 line [3, 4], K (three lines) [5], Na D lines [6], and for Ca [7]. We demonstrate a FADOF on the D1 line of Rb (wave-length 795 nm). This line, efficiently detected with Si detectors, accessible with a variety of laser technolo-gies, and with large hyperfine splittings, is a favorite for coherent and quantum optics with warm atomic va-pors. Applications include electromagnetically-induced transparency [8], stopped light [9], optical magnetom-etry [10, 11], laser oscillators [12], polarization squeez-ing [13, 14], quantum memory [15] and high-coherence heralded single photons [16,17]. Here we show that the Rb D1 line provides supe-rior FADOF performance. We demonstrate a FADOF surpassing other atoms and other Rb transitions for key figures of merit, including peak transmission Tmax, transmission bandwidth and equivalent noise bandwidth ENBW = T−1max T (ν)dν, where T (ν) is the filter trans-mission versus frequency ν [4].