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arXiv:1405.5789

On relativistic particle creation in Bose-Einstein condensates

Carlos Sabín, Ivette Fuentes

Published May 22, 2014• 0 citations
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Abstract

We show that particle creation of Bogoliubov modes in a Bose-Einstein condensate due to the accelerated motion of the trap is a genuinely relativistic effect. To this end we show that Bogoliubov modes can be described by a time rescaling of the Minkowski metric. A consequence of this is that Rindler transformations are perceived by the phonons as generalised Rindler transformations where the speed of light is replaced by the speed of sound, enhancing particle creation at small velocities. Since the non-relativistic limit of a Rindler transformation is just a Galilean transformation entailing no length contraction or time dilation, we show that the effect vanishes in the non-relativistic limit.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1405.5789

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We show that particle creation of Bogoliubov modes in a Bose-Einstein condensate due to the accelerated motion of the trap is a genuinely relativistic effect. To this end we show that Bogoliubov modes can be described by a time rescaling of the Minkowski metric. A consequence of this is that Rindler transformations are perceived by the phonons as generalised Rindler transformations where the speed of light is replaced by the speed of sound, enhancing particle creation at small velocities. Since the non-relativistic limit of a Rindler transformation is just a Galilean transformation entailing no length contraction or time dilation, we show that the effect vanishes in the non-relativistic limit.
We formulate particle-creation phenomena in Bose-Einstein condensates in terms of conserving gapless mean-field theory for weakly interacting Bose gases. The particle-creation spectrum is calculated by rediagonalizing the Bogoliubov--de Gennes (BdG) Hamiltonian in mean-field theory. The conservation implies that quasiparticle creation is accompanied by quantum back reaction to the condensates. Particle creation in this mean-field theory is found to be equivalent to that in quantum field theory (QFT) in curved space-time. An expression is obtained for an effective metric affected by quantum back reaction. The formula for the particle-creation spectrum obtained in terms of QFT in curved space-time is shown to be the same as that given by rediagonalizing the BdG Hamiltonian.
We show how to vary the physical properties of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in order to mimic an effective gravitational-wave spacetime. In particular, we focus in the simulation of the recently discovered creation of particles by a real spacetime distortion in box-type traps. We show that, by modulating the speed of sound in the BEC, the phonons experience the effects of a simulated spacetime ripple with experimentally amenable parameters. These results will inform the experimental programme of gravitational wave astronomy with cold atoms.
We construct quantum field theory in an analog curved spacetime in Bose-Einstein condensates based on the Bogoliubov--de Gennes equations by exactly relating quantum particles in curved spacetime with Bogoliubov quasiparticle excitations in Bose-Einstein condensates. Here, we derive a simple formula relating the two, which can be used to calculate the particle creation spectrum by solving the time-dependent Bogoliubov--de Gennes equations. Using our formulation, we numerically investigate particle creation in an analog expanding universe which can be expressed as Bogoliubov quasiparticles in an expanding Bose-Einstein condensate. We obtain its spectrum, which follows the thermal Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, the temperature of which is experimentally attainable. Our derivation of the analogy is useful for general Bose-Einstein condensates and not limited to homogeneous ones, and our simulation is an example of particle creations by solving the Bogoliubov--de Gennes equation in an inhomogeneous condensate.
In this paper, we formulate quantum field theory on an analogue curved spacetime in a Bose-Einstein condensate where quantum particles on curved spacetime are equated with Bogoliubov quasi-particle excitations on the Bose-Einstein condensate. By using our formulation, we numerically investigate a particle creation in analogue expanding Universe which can be expressed as Bogoliubov quasiparticles in an expanding Bose-Einstein condensate and obtain its spectrum which shows the thermal Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, the temperature of which can be experimentally accessible. This is the first direct numerical simulation for the particle creation and its spectrum on analogue curved spacetime by using the system of Bose-Einstein condensates.