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arXiv:1404.6970

Maximally Entangled States

M. Revzen

Published Apr 28, 2014• 1 citation
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Abstract

Every Maximally Entangled State (MES) of two d-dimensional particles is shown to be a product state of suitably chosen collective coordinates. The state may be viewed as defining a "point" in a "phase space" like d^2 array representing d^2 orthonormal Maximally Entangled States basis for the Hilbert space. A finite geometry view of MES is presented and its relation with the afore mentioned "phase space" is outlined: "straight lines" in the space depict product of single particle mutually unbiased basis (MUB) states, inverting thereby Schmidt's diagonalization scheme in giving a product single particle states as a d-terms sum of maximally entangled states. To assure self sufficiency the essential mathematical results are summarized in the appendices.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1404.6970

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Every Maximally Entangled State (MES) of two d-dimensional particles is shown to be a product state of suitably chosen collective coordinates. The state may be viewed as defining a "point" in a "phase space" like d^2 array representing d^2 orthonormal Maximally Entangled States basis for the Hilbert space. A finite geometry view of MES is presented and its relation with the afore mentioned "phase space" is outlined: "straight lines" in the space depict product of single particle mutually unbiased basis (MUB) states, inverting thereby Schmidt's diagonalization scheme in giving a product single particle states as a d-terms sum of maximally entangled states. To assure self sufficiency the essential mathematical results are summarized in the appendices.
Maximal entangled states (MES) provide a basis to two d-dimensional particles Hilbert space, d=prime ≠2\ne 2=2. The MES forming this basis are product states in the collective, center of mass and relative, coordinates. These states are associated (underpinned) with lines of finite geometry whose constituent points are associated with product states carrying Mutual Unbiased Bases (MUB) labels. This representation is shown to be convenient for the study of the Mean King Problem and a variant thereof, termed Tracking the King which proves to be a novel quantum communication channel. The main topics, notions used are reviewed in an attempt to have the paper self contained.
Maximal entangled states (MES) provide a basis to 2d-dimensional particles Hilbert space, d=prime ≠2\ne2=2. These states allow generalization of the Mean King Problem. The states may be viewed as build of points each underpins a product state carrying a mutual unbiased bases (MUB) label or, alternatively, as product states labeled with center of mass and relative coordinates. The coordinate-like label of the center of mass and the momentum-like of the relative coordinates provides a MES account of the Hilbert space in close analogy with the single particle phase space coordinates.
Relative and center-of-mass coordinates are used to generalize mutually unbiased bases (MUB) and define mutually unbiased collective bases (MUCB). Maximally entangled states are given as product states in the collective variables. These states are analyzed in terms of the Wigner representative function of the states and shown to display a discontinuous attribute of the entanglement. Finite Hilbert space dimensionality collective coordinates are introduced and provide a framework for the analysis.
Finite geometry is used to underpin finite, two d-dimensional particles Hilbert space, d=prime 6= 2. A central role is allotted to states with mutual unbiased bases (MUB) labeling. Dual affine plane geometry (DAPG) points underpin single particle, MUB labeled, product states. The DAPG lines are shown to underpin maximally entangled states which form an orthonormal basis spanning the space. The relevance of mutually unbiased collective coordinates bases (MUCB) for dealing with maximally entangled states is discussed and shown to provide an economic alternative mode of study. These maximally entangled, geometrically reasoned states, provide the resource to a transparent solution to what may be termed tracking of the Mean King Problem (MKP): here Alice prepares a state measured by King along some orientation which Alice succeed in identifying with a subsequent measurement. Brief expositions of the topics considered: MUB, DAPG, MUCB and the MKP are included, rendering the paper self contained.
We study an unextendible maximally entangled basis in arbitrary bipartite spaces. A systematic way of constructing a set of d2{d}^{2}d2 orthonormal maximally entangled states in ${\mathbb{C}}^{d}⨂{\mathbb{C}}^{{d}^{\ensuremath{'}}}(\frac{{d}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{2}<d<{d}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ is provided. The complementary space of the set of these d2{d}^{2}d2 orthonormal maximally entangled states contains no maximally entangled states that are orthogonal to all of them. Furthermore, we investigate mutually unbiased bases in which all the bases are unextendible maximally entangled ones. We present two unextendible maximally entangled bases in C2⨂C3{\mathbb{C}}^{2}⨂{\mathbb{C}}^{3}C2⨂C3 which are mutually unbiased.
In this contribution we group the operator basis for d2{d}^{2}d2-dimensional Hilbert space in a way that enables us to relate bases of entangled states with single-particle mutually unbiased state bases (MUB), each in dimensionality ddd. We utilize these sets of operators to show that an arbitrary density matrix for this d2{d}^{2}d2-dimensional Hilbert-space system is analyzed via d2+d+1{d}^{2}+d+1d2+d+1 measurements, ${d}^{2}\ensuremath{-}d$ of which involve those entangled states that we associate with MUB of the ddd-dimensional single-particle constituents. The number d2+d+1{d}^{2}+d+1d2+d+1 lies in the middle of the number of measurements needed for bipartite state reconstruction with two-particle MUB (d2+1)({d}^{2}+1)(d2+1) and those needed by single-particle MUB [(d2+1)2][{({d}^{2}+1)}^{2}][(d2+1)2].