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arXiv:1404.4103 · Applied Optics

Time evolution of a Gaussian class of quasi-distribution functions under quadratic Hamiltonian

D. Ginzburg, A. Mann

Published Mar 6, 2014• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

A Lie algebraic method for propagation of the Wigner quasi-distribution function (QDF) under quadratic Hamiltonian was presented by Zoubi and Ben-Aryeh. We show that the same method can be used in order to propagate a rather general class of QDFs, which we call the "Gaussian class." This class contains as special cases the well-known Wigner, Husimi, Glauber, and Kirkwood-Rihaczek QDFs. We present some examples of the calculation of the time evolution of those functions.

DOI
10.1364/ao.53.001648

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A Lie algebraic method for propagation of the Wigner quasi-distribution function (QDF) under quadratic Hamiltonian was presented by Zoubi and Ben-Aryeh. We show that the same method can be used in order to propagate a rather general class of QDFs, which we call the "Gaussian class." This class contains as special cases the well-known Wigner, Husimi, Glauber, and Kirkwood-Rihaczek QDFs. We present some examples of the calculation of the time evolution of those functions.
We develop a Lie algebraic approach to systematically calculate the evolution operator of the generalized two-dimensional quadratic Hamiltonian with time-dependent coefficients. Although the development of the Lie algebraic approach presented here is mainly motivated by the two-dimensional quadratic Hamiltonian, it may be applied to investigate the evolution operators of any Hamiltonian having a dynamical algebra with a large number of elements. We illustrate the method by finding the propagator and the Heisenberg picture position and momentum operators for a two-dimensional charge subject to uniform and constant electro-magnetic fields.
The Wigner function is known to evolve classically under the exclusive action of a quadratic Hamiltonian. If the system also interacts with the environment through Lindblad operators that are complex linear functions of position and momentum, then the general evolution is the convolution of a non-Hamiltonian classical propagation of the Wigner function with a phase space Gaussian that broadens in time. We analyze the consequences of this in the three generic cases of elliptic, hyperbolic, and parabolic Hamiltonians. The Wigner function always becomes positive in a definite time, which does not depend on the initial pure state. We observe the influence of classical dynamics and dissipation upon this threshold. We also derive an exact formula for the evolving linear entropy as the average of a narrowing Gaussian taken over a probability distribution that depends only on the initial state. This leads to a long time asymptotic formula for the growth of linear entropy. We finally discuss the possibility of recovering the initial state.
Using an algebraic approach, it is possible to obtain the temporal evolution wave function for a Gaussian wave-packet obeying the quadratic time-dependent Hamiltonian (QTDH). However, in general, most of the practical cases are not exactly solvable, for we need general solutions of the Riccatti equations which are not generally known. We therefore bypass directly solving for the temporal evolution wave function, and study its inverse problem. We start with a particular evolution of the wave-packet, and get the required Hamiltonian by using the inverse method. The inverse approach opens up a new way to find new exact solutions to the QTDH. Some typical examples are studied in detail. For a specific time-dependent periodic harmonic oscillator, the Berry phase is obtained exactly.
The dynamical evolution is described within the phase-space formalism by means of the Moyal propagator, which is the symbol of the evolution operator. Quadratic Hamiltonians on the phase space are distinguished in that their Moyal bracket with any function equals their Poisson bracket. It is shown that, for general time-independent quadratic Hamiltonians, the Moyal propagators transform covariantly under linear canonical transformations; they are then derived and classified in a fully explicit manner using the theory of Hamiltonian normal forms. The authors present several tables of propagators. It is proved that these propagators belong to the Moyal algebra of distributions, and that the spectrum of the Hamiltonian may be obtained directly as the support of the Fourier transform of the Moyal propagator with respect to time. From that, the quantum-mechanical problem for these Hamiltonians is, in principle, completely solved. The appropriate path-integral formalism for phase-space quantum mechanics, leading back to the same results, is outlined in an appendix.
This thesis describes quantum mechanics in the phase space formulation. We introduce quantization and in particular the Weyl quantization. We study a general class of phase space distribution functions on phase space. The Wigner distribution function is one such distribution function. The Wigner distribution function in general attains negative values and thus can not be interpreted as a real probability density, as opposed to for example the Husimi distribution function. The Husimi distribution however does not yield the correct marginal distribution functions known from quantum mechanics. Properties of the Wigner and Husimi distribution function are studied to more extent. We calculate the Wigner and Husimi distribution function for the energy eigenstates of a particle trapped in a box. We then look at the semi classical limit for this example. The time evolution of Wigner functions are studied by making use of the Moyal bracket. The Moyal bracket and the Poisson bracket are compared in the classical limit. The phase space formulation of quantum mechanics has as advantage that classical concepts can be studied and compared to quantum mechanics. For certain quantum mechanical systems the time evolution of Wigner distribution functions becomes equivalent to the classical time evolution stated in the exact Egerov theorem. Another advantage of using Wigner functions is when one is interested in systems involving mixed states. A disadvantage of the phase space formulation is that for most problems it quickly loses its simplicity and becomes hard to calculate.