A literature review of related articles, either by affinity or by contrast, to a fundamental theory of time and space - time previously developed. It shows how from a primitive concept of preparticle and membership relation of set theory, and four postulates that refer to simple concepts, derived concepts of time, space-time, reference frame, particle, fields, and interaction between fields are obtained. The problem of the "direction " of time is analyzed and a paradox whose solution goes against the idea that this direction is fixed by the increase of entropy prescribed by the second law of thermodynamics is examined. In our theory this direction is unique to each reference frame, and is an intrinsic property of time. Two kinds of particles are described as derived concepts, and it is shown that one of them fullfills the Bose-Einstein statistics, and the other one fullfills the Fermi-Dirac statistics. We also consider the analysis of the wave function concepts and particle detector as concepts derived from the mentioned theory. Using these concepts, the process of locating both a macroscopic body (typical location) as well as one of a microscopic scale (quantum localization) is analyzed, and the significance of the location is examined in both cases.
A literature review of related articles, either by affinity or by contrast, to a fundamental theory of time and space - time previously developed. It shows how from a primitive concept of preparticle and membership relation of set theory, and four postulates that refer to simple concepts, derived concepts of time, space-time, reference frame, particle, fields, and interaction between fields are obtained. The problem of the "direction " of time is analyzed and a paradox whose solution goes against the idea that this direction is fixed by the increase of entropy prescribed by the second law of thermodynamics is examined. In our theory this direction is unique to each reference frame, and is an intrinsic property of time. Two kinds of particles are described as derived concepts, and it is shown that one of them fullfills the Bose-Einstein statistics, and the other one fullfills the Fermi-Dirac statistics. We also consider the analysis of the wave function concepts and particle detector as concepts derived from the mentioned theory. Using these concepts, the process of locating both a macroscopic body (typical location) as well as one of a microscopic scale (quantum localization) is analyzed, and the significance of the location is examined in both cases.
A literature review of related articles, either by affinity or by contrast, to a fundamental theory of time and space - time previously developed. It shows how from a primitive concept of preparticle and membership relation of set theory, and four postulates that refer to simple concepts, derived concepts of time, space-time, reference frame, particle, fields, and interaction between fields are obtained. The problem of the of time is analyzed and a paradox whose solution goes against the idea that this direction is fixed by the increase of entropy prescribed by the second law of thermodynamics is examined. In our theory this direction is unique to each reference frame, and is an intrinsic property of time. Two kinds of particles are described as derived concepts, and it is shown that one of them fullfills the Bose-Einstein statistics, and the other one fullfills the Fermi-Dirac statistics. We also consider the analysis of the wave function concepts and particle detector as concepts derived from the mentioned theory. Using these concepts, the process of locating both a macroscopic body (typical location) as well as one of a microscopic scale (quantum localization) is analyzed, and the significance of the location is examined in both cases.
Here we analyze the physical concepts of non-locality, multi-universe, and cosmological principle in the framework of a space-time discrete model previously developed. In previous developments of this model we have elucidated as derivative concepts those of time, space-time, reference frame, particle, interaction between systems of particles, field, interaction between fields, detector of particle, and wave function. We start from the primitive concept of preparticle and four postulates alluding simple concepts. The fundamental postulate says that space-time points can be represented by equivalent classes of points of crossing between particles having the same structure. In this way each point of space-time is represented by an equivalent class corresponding to a different structure from the one of any other equivalent class representing a space-time point. We have considered a new way to define system of observation and detector of particles, which leads to non- local properties of the space-time model considered. Finally we have speculated about dark matter and dark energy in the frame work of our model.
Current interpretations of quantum mechanics suggest that the classical concepts of space and time are not applicable to microscopic systems. Salecker and Wigner have recently proved that these concepts have no operational meaning for microsystems. Therefore, space-time descriptions may be valid only for macroscopic systems. It is here suggested that space and time themselves arise from, but do not have analogs in, the properties of microscopic particles, in the same way that thermodynamic properties arise as a result of interactions among the many actually existing particles of the universe. Neither the particles nor the interactions need to be described in spatial-temporal terms. This macroscopic interpretation of space-time seems compatible with the known properties of the physical world, suggests a more direct interpretation of the statistical nature of microscopic events, and offers a new approach to some physical problems.
Abstract Quantum mechanics for describing the behavior of microscopic entities and thermodynamics for describing macroscopic systems exhibit separate time concepts. Whereas many theories of modern physics interpret processes as reversible, in thermodynamics, an expression for irreversibility and the so-called time arrow has been developed: the increase of entropy. The divergence between complete reversibility on the one hand and irreversibility on the other is called the paradox of time. Since more than hundred years many efforts have been devoted to unify the time concepts. So far, the efforts were not successful. In this paper a solution is proposed on the basis of matter-energy equivalence with an energetic distinction between matter and mass. By refraining from interpretations predominant in modern theoretical physics, the first and second laws of thermodynamics can be extended to fundamental laws of nature, which are also valid at quantum level.
Quantum physics, also known as quantum mechanics, is one of the most profound and successful theories in modern science, fundamentally transforming our understanding of the microscopic world. It governs the behavior of matter and energy at atomic and subatomic scales, where classical physics fails to provide accurate explanations. This review paper presents a comprehensive examination of the fundamental concepts of quantum physics, including wave–particle duality, quantum states, superposition, uncertainty principle, quantum measurement, entanglement, and quantum dynamics. The paper traces the historical development of quantum theory, reviews seminal contributions from key physicists, and analyzes major theoretical frameworks such as Schrödinger’s wave mechanics, Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics, and Dirac’s formalism. A systematic literature review of 25 scholarly sources is conducted to highlight the evolution, interpretations, and applications of quantum concepts. A comparative analysis of classical and quantum physics is provided to emphasize conceptual differences and paradigm shifts. The discussion explores philosophical implications, experimental validations, and emerging applications in quantum computing, cryptography, and quantum technologies. Finally, the paper concludes by summarizing key insights and outlining future directions for research and education in quantum physics.
The laws of classical mechanics and quantum theory do not distinguish between the past and the future. But a lot of phenomena tell us that the "arrow of time" points only in one direction. For example, in biology we discover evolutionary processes leading to diversification and increasing complexity; it is a typical feature of such evolutionary processes that "forward" in time is possible but "backward" in time is impossible. At what level can phenomena like these be described? There is another problem in connection with time: within usual quantum theory, space-coordinates and time are not symmetrical to each other, which is in contrast to the basic results of special theory of relativity. In usual quantum theory coordinates are operators and play the role of statistical quantities; time however does not behave statistically and remains a simple parameter when we go from classical to quantum mechanics. For this reason there is no uncertainty relation for the time and energy within usual quantum theory which would agree in its physical content with that for the coordinates and momenta. The purpose of this paper is to show, on the basis of new aspects, that both one-sidedness of time and its uncertainty are charateristics at the fundamental level of quantum theory. We have extended usual quantum theory on the basis of space-time arguments. In this connection a time-operator appeared and there is in general temporal asymmetry at the microscopic level. The picture might be important in the description of phenomena with an "arrow of time", i.e., processes which belong to the physics of becoming. Furthermore, we have derived an uncertainty relation for the energy and time which agrees in its physical content with the uncertainty relation for the momentum and the coordinate; this relation is different from that of usual quantum theory. Within the frame of this physical picture all the concepts (diversity, natural selection, mutation), which are presently used in connection with the evolution of biological systems, are already established at the quantum mechanical level and, therefore, our theoretical picture might also be the foundation for the explanation of the phenomena at the biological (macro-molecular) level.