We provide a summary of both seminal and recent results on typical entanglement. By ‘typical’ values of entanglement, we refer here to values of entanglement quantifiers that (given a reasonable measure on the manifold of states) appear with arbitrarily high probability for quantum systems of sufficiently high dimensionality. We shall focus on pure states and work within the Haar measure framework for discrete quantum variables, where we report on results concerning the average von Neumann and linear entropies as well as arguments implying the typicality of such values in the asymptotic limit. We then proceed to discuss the generation of typical quantum states with random circuitry. Different phases of entanglement, and the connection between typical entanglement and thermodynamics are discussed. We also cover approaches to measures on the non-compact set of Gaussian states of continuous variable quantum systems.
We provide a summary of both seminal and recent results on typical entanglement. By ‘typical’ values of entanglement, we refer here to values of entanglement quantifiers that (given a reasonable measure on the manifold of states) appear with arbitrarily high probability for quantum systems of sufficiently high dimensionality. We shall focus on pure states and work within the Haar measure framework for discrete quantum variables, where we report on results concerning the average von Neumann and linear entropies as well as arguments implying the typicality of such values in the asymptotic limit. We then proceed to discuss the generation of typical quantum states with random circuitry. Different phases of entanglement, and the connection between typical entanglement and thermodynamics are discussed. We also cover approaches to measures on the non-compact set of Gaussian states of continuous variable quantum systems.
Abstract We investigate the fidelity of Haar random bipartite pure states from a fixed reference quantum state and their bipartite entanglement. By plotting the fidelity and entanglement on perpendicular axes, we observe that the resulting plots exhibit non-uniform distributions. The distribution depends on the entanglement of the fixed reference quantum state used to quantify the fidelity of the random pure bipartite states. We find that the average fidelity of typical random pure bipartite qubits within a narrow entanglement range with respect to a randomly chosen fixed bipartite qubit is 1 4 . Extending our study to higher dimensional bipartite qudits, we find that the average fidelity of typical random pure bipartite qudits with respect to a randomly chosen fixed bipartite qudit remains constant within a narrow entanglement range. The values of these constants are 1 d 2 , with d being the dimension of the local Hilbert space of the bipartite qudit system, suggesting a consistent relationship between entanglement and fidelity across different dimensions. The probability distribution functions of fidelity with respect to a product state are analytically studied and used as a reference for the benchmarking of distributed quantum computing devices.
The entanglement entropy of subsystems of typical eigenstates of quantum many-body Hamiltonians has recently been conjectured to be a diagnostic of quantum chaos and integrability. In quantum chaotic systems it has been found to behave as in typical pure states, while in integrable systems it has been found to behave as in typical pure Gaussian states. In this tutorial, we provide a pedagogical introduction to known results about the entanglement entropy of subsystems of typical pure states and of typical pure Gaussian states. They both exhibit a leading term that scales with the volume of the subsystem, when smaller than one half of the volume of the system, but the prefactor of the volume law is fundamentally different. It is constant (and maximal) for typical pure states, and it depends on the ratio between the volume of the subsystem and of the entire system for typical pure Gaussian states. Since particle-number conservation plays an important role in many physical Hamiltonians, we discuss its effect on typical pure states and on typical pure Gaussian states. We prove that, while the behavior of the leading volume-law terms does not change qualitatively, the nature of the subleading terms can change. In particular, subleading corrections can appear that depend on the square root of the volume of the subsystem. We unveil the origin of those corrections. Finally, we discuss the connection between the entanglement entropy of typical pure states and analytical results obtained in the context of random matrix theory, as well as numerical results obtained for physical Hamiltonians.
We present a framework, compliant with the general canonical principle of statistical mechanics, to define measures on the set of pure Gaussian states of continuous variable systems. Within such a framework, we define two specific measures, referred to as ‘micro-canonical’ and ‘canonical’, and apply them to study systematically the statistical properties of the bipartite entanglement of n -mode pure Gaussian states at, respectively, given maximal energy and given temperature. We prove the ‘concentration of measure’ around a finite average, occurring for the entanglement in the thermodynamical limit in both the canonical and the micro-canonical approach. For finite n , we determine analytically the average and standard deviation of the entanglement (as quantified by the reduced purity) between one mode and all the other modes. Furthermore, we numerically investigate more general situations, clearly showing that the onset of the concentration of measure already occurs at relatively small n .
In a seminal paper [Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1291 (1993)], Page conjectured that the entanglement entropy of typical pure states is Styp≃lnDA−(1/2)DA2/D, where DA and D are the Hilbert space dimensions of the subsystem and the system, respectively, and typicality is with respect to the Haar measure. Typical pure states are hence (nearly) maximally entangled. We prove that S1+=lnDA−[1/(2ln2)](lnDA)2/lnD is an upper bound for the average entanglement entropy of all many-body fermionic eigenstates of a class of translationally invariant quadratic Hamiltonians in one dimension, and that the variance vanishes with increasing system size. Consequently, whenever the size of the subsystem is not a vanishing fraction of the size of the system, typical eigenstates of such Hamiltonians have a volume-law entanglement but do not become maximally entangled as D→∞, i.e., they are qualitatively different from typical pure states. We also prove that, in the limit in which the subsystem size is a vanishing fraction of the system size, the average entanglement entropy is maximal.
We investigate the generic aspects of quantum coherence guided by the concentration of measure phenomenon. We find the average relative entropy of coherence of pure quantum states sampled randomly from the uniform Haar measure and show that it is typical, i.e., the probability that the relative entropy of coherence of a randomly chosen pure state is not equal to the average relative entropy of coherence (within an arbitrarily small error) is exponentially small in the dimension of the Hilbert space. We find the dimension of a random subspace of the total Hilbert space such that all pure states that reside on it almost always have at least a fixed nonzero amount of the relative entropy of coherence that is arbitrarily close to the typical value of coherence. Further, we show, with high probability, every state (pure or mixed) in this subspace also has the coherence of formation at least equal to the same fixed nonzero amount of the typical value of coherence. Thus, the states from these random subspaces can be useful in the relevant coherence consuming tasks like catalysis in the coherence resource theory. Moreover, we calculate the expected trace distance between the diagonal part of a random pure quantum state and the maximally mixed state and find that it does not approach to zero in the asymptotic limit. This establishes that randomly chosen pure states are not typically maximally coherent (within an arbitrarily small error). Additionally, we find the lower bound on the relative entropy of coherence for the set of pure states whose diagonal parts are at a fixed most probable distance from the maximally mixed state.
We investigate entanglement measures in the infinite-dimensional regime. First, we discuss the peculiarities that may occur if the Hilbert space of a bi-partite system is infinite dimensional, most notably the fact that the set of states with infinite entropy of entanglement is trace-norm dense in state space, implying that in any neighbourhood of every product state lies an arbitrarily strongly entangled state. The starting point for a clarification of this counterintuitive property is the observation that if one imposes the natural and physically reasonable constraint that the mean energy is bounded from above, then the entropy of entanglement becomes a trace-norm continuous functional. The considerations will then be extended to the asymptotic limit, and we will prove some asymptotic continuity properties. We proceed by investigating the entanglement of formation and the relative entropy of entanglement in the infinite-dimensional setting. Finally, we show that the set of entangled states is still trace-norm dense in state space, even under the constraint of a finite mean energy.